The Assassination of JFK - Is the book Case Closed by Gerald Posner an excellent example of historical research, or an error filled, lone assassin biased, view of the case?

By Michael Russ, (JFK Assassination Information Center)

I don't have as many resources as all of the conspiracy theorists but, I have read Posner's book, and many of the pro-conspiracy books and I have found Posner's books more credible than any of them. I have never had any contact with Posner or any of the experts on the Kennedy assassination, on either side, prior to writing this, but here is my take on the 78 supposed errors in his book that tend to support the lone assassin theory. These errors were originally published by the Electronic Assassination Newsletter. (By the way, I am not a writer and do not claim that this page is in any way grammatically correct. I am also certain that it is filled with misspellings. You are welcome to send me mail with your comments and corrections

I originally published this article in 1997. Since then I have continued to read, and have been in contact with many people on the news group alt.assassination.jfk., including the original author of the article critical of Posner. I have included some new information that I have gathered, and labeled it as such. The original author used the labels (L) and (N) to determine if a Posner "error" represented a lone assassin bias (L) or a just a general neutral error (N).

In October of 2001 W. Tracy Parnell published a web article called The "Errors" of Case Closed: The Real Story. This article goes even further into the criticism of Case Closed, and some possible motivations of Posner's critics.


1) Page 4. The author cites Dallas Police Detective Bob Carroll, who participated in the arrest of Lee Harvey Oswald at the Texas Theater, as a source for Oswald "smirking and hollering, 'I protest this police brutality.'" When we check the actual testimony of Bob Carroll to the Warren Commission, there is a similar quote but no mention of any Oswald facial expression. (12) The implication of this invented grin is that a fanatical political assassin is proud of his deed and must be smirking in smug satisfaction because of his accomplishment. (13)(L)
(12) WC Vol. 7, p. 21.
(13) Jerry Rose, "The Deadly Smirk and Other Inventions," The FourthDecade, November, 1993.

My opinion - The words, "the young man smirked and hollered back", are specifically not in quotes in Posner's book, therefore it is a misrepresentation to say that Posner was definitely attributing this observation to Bob Carrol, it is possible that one of the other witnesses saw this smirk.

New information - Here is the testimony of Bob Carroll.


2) Page 4. In the same paragraph Posner also cites Carroll as a source for the crowd yelling, "Let us have him. We'll kill him! We want him!" What Detective Carroll told Warren Commission staff attorney Ball was two different possibilities as to what the crowd was yelling. He shows he wasn't sure by saying, "several people were hollering, you know - 'kill him,' or 'let us have him and we'll kill him.' " (14) While the idea is similar, Posner is rewriting what Carroll thought they said and he just throws in, "We want him!" for added dramatic effect. Didn't Frederic Dannen (quoted on Posner's dust jacket) say that Case Closed was "devoid of speculation." Cutting and pasting testimony to exaggerate the hostility of the crowd is either sneaky or sloppy, but it doesn't really enhance the lone assassin argument. (N)
(14) WC Vol. 7, p. 21.

New Information - There was actuall testimony to support the fact that the crowed yelled "We want him". Another police officer, that was cited by Posner concerning Oswald's arrest was C. T. Walker. Walker testified :

"Mr. WALKER. When we went out the front door, he started hollering, "I protest this police brutality." People out there were hollering, "Kill the s.o.b." "Let us have him. We want him."
Here is the complete testimony of C. T. Walker.


3) Page 5. Posner uses Dallas Police Homicide and Robbery Detective Gus Rose as a source for another of Posner's many smirk references. He gives no footnote for this particular smirk. (15) When you read through all of Rose's testimony to the Warren Commission you will again see that the person to whom Posner credits this information makes no mention of any "smirk." (16) (L)
(15) Jerry Rose, "The Deadly Smirk and Other Inventions," The Fourth Decade, November, 1993.
(16) WC Vol. 7, pp. 227-32.

My opinion - This accusation is contradictory, he admits there is no footnote, but claims Gus Rose is Posner's source. Without a footnote, we don't know who the source is.

New information - Here is the testimony of Guy Rose.


4) Page 5. Posner is at it again with his habit of constructing dialogue. He states that when Detective Rose asks Oswald if his name was Oswald or Hidell, his alias, the response (after Oswald's "smirk") was, "You figure it out." The actual quote from Rose's testimony shows that he recalled Oswald saying, "You find out." (17) In fact Rose quotes Oswald twice on the same page as saying, "You find out." Well, maybe Posner wants us to think he was telling them to speculate about who he really is rather than to actually find the answer. After checking the reference, it's a matter of judgment whether Posner is being deliberately deceptive or not (to further the lone assassin case) in this re-writing of Rose's testimony. (N)
(17) WC Vol. 7, p. 228.


5) Page 12. The author gives us some proof of Oswald's psychological potential to become an assassin by quoting from a discredited witness by the name of Renatus Hartogs. Hartogs did a psychological evaluation of Oswald when, as a child, Oswald was caught skipping school. Hartogs told the Warren Commission that Oswald had "definite traits of dangerousness." (18) In fact Warren Commission attorney Wesley Liebeler challenged him on this point and revealed that Hartogs had said no such thing in his report in 1953. (19) Hartogs then retracts this statement and Liebeler calls for the addition of the actual text of Hartogs' 1953 report to be added to the end of the record of his April 16, 1964 deposition. (L)
(18) WC Vol. 8, p. 217.
(19) Gary Aguilar, "Letter to the Editor of the Federal Bar News and Journal," Federal Bar News and Journal, 1994. James R. Folliard, "Gerald Posner Closes the Case,"The Fourth Decade, November, 1993. Peter Dale Scott, "A Review of Gerald Posner,Case Closed: Lee HarveyOswald and the Assassination of JFK, Deep Politics II: Essays on Oswald, Skokie, Illinois, Green Archives Publications, 1995.

My opinion - On the very next page (page 13) Posner tells everybody that Hartogs admitted not explicitly stating that Oswald had a potential for violence.


6) Page 13n. Mr. Posner uses false background information to attack the credibility of the late, highly respected author, Sylvia Meagher, and to rehabilitate the discredited witness, Dr. Renatus Hartogs. Sylvia Meagher concluded that there was no reason to find Oswald mentally unsound. (20) Posner cites Hartogs and the reports of two Soviet psychiatrists to refute her. (21) We already know about Hartogs' unreliability from the previous item. One of the reports concluded that Oswald was, "not dangerous to other people." (22) The other report describes Oswald's attitude as being "completely normal" (23) and finds that "no psychotic symptoms were noted." (24) This is an example of Posner citing sources that show the exact opposite of what he claims they show. (25) (L)
(20) Sylvia Meagher, Accessories after the Fact: The Warren Commission,The Authorities and the Truth, NY, Vintage Books, 1967, 1976, p. 244.
(21) James R. Folliard, "Gerald Posner Closes the Case,"The FourthDecade, November, 1993.
(22) WC Vol. 18, p. 464.
(23) WC Vol. 18, p. 468.
(24) WC Vol. 18, p. 473.
(25) Peter Dale Scott, "A Review of Gerald Posner, Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK," Deep Politics II:Essays on Oswald, Skokie,Illinois, Green Archives Publications, 1995.

My opinion - This is a misrepresentation. Meagher said there is no basis for allegations that Oswald was psychotic, aberrant or mentally unsound in any degree, that is much different then saying there was no reason to find Oswald mentally unsound. It's the difference between an indictment and a conviction. Some may consider Hartogs discredited (I don't) but when he diagnosed Oswald as passive-aggressive, it certainly is a basis for an allegation of mental unsoundness.

New information - Here is a link to the testimony of Renatus Hartogs and the report. While Hartogs had a faulty memory, as would be expected after so many years, his report speaks for itself.
Evelyn Siegel also wrote some interesting reports on Oswald. Here is Warren Commission Exhibit Siegel 1 and Warren Commission Exhibit Siegel 2.


7) Page 51. The author quotes from his interview of a KGB agent who defected in 1964 by the name of Yuriy Nosenko. Nosenko told him that the KGB ordered mental evaluations of Oswald. According to Nosenko (as reported by Posner) the psychiatrists determined Oswald was mentally unstable. Maybe both Posner and Nosenko are both unaware that the Soviet reports are provided (see previous item) in Warren Commission volume 18. They flatly contradict this false claim. Nosenko should also be considered a discredited witness. (26) The House Select Committee on Assassinations reported that Nosenko presented "significant inconsistencies" in his statements given to the FBI, the CIA and the Select Committee itself. (27) (L)
(26) Peter Dale Scott, "A Review of Gerald Posner, Case Closed: LeeHarvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK," Deep Politics II: Essays on Oswald, Skokie, Illinois, Green Archives Publications, 1995.
(27) HSCA Report, p. 102.

My opinion - So the Warren Commission doesn't miss anything now? And the House select Committee got everything right? Posner writes a lengthy explanation of Nosenko's dealings with the CIA and the HSC. It is something that most of the conspiracy theorists would probably support, because it paints the CIA in a very bad light (amazingly considering Posner is supposedly a tool of the agency). Are we really supposed to believe the Soviets thought Oswald was mentally stable, when the whole reason for the evaluation was his attempted suicide?

New information - Here are exerpts from the Russian Psychological reports in the Warren Report. These reports are clearly not very detailed. It is interesting that either the translations were so bad that they got such basic information wrong like the fact that he had no parents, or he just lied about his mothers death, like he later did to his wife to be Marina. Do conspiracy believers think that it is normal for someone to lie about their mother's death?
It certainly is possible that more detailed evaluations were made available to the KGB when they were trying to decide what to do with Oswald. In fact Posner cites Mostovshchikov, "KGB Case No. 31451 on Lee Harvey Oswald," August 8, 1992, p.7. as his source on this, not the Warren Report. Unfortunately I have not seen a copy of that report to verify it's contents.


8) Page 51n. Lee Harvey Oswald had a twelve page diary that describes his time in the Soviet Union. Posner takes Robert Groden to task for calling this "historic diary" a fake. Posner ducks the issue by saying the handwriting was determined by experts hired by the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee on Assassinations to be Oswald's. (28) What he doesn't tell you is Groden agrees with that assessment and points out that the House Select Committee expert reported that it appeared that it may have been written in one or two sittings. (29) Groden was actually saying that he thought it was faked by Oswald after the events described took place. (30) (L)
(28) HSCA Vol. 12, p. 236.
(29) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," TheInvestigator, August-September, 1993.
(30) Robert J. Groden and Harrison Livingstone, High Treason:The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the New Evidence forConspiracy, Boothwyn, PA, Conservatory Press, 1989, p. 103.

My opinion - This is a misrepresentation of Posner's book. He actually criticized Groden for his statement that the spelling in the diary is too good to belong to Oswald when in fact the diary is replete with misspellings. In that same note Posner partially agrees with Groden, and admits that the early entries appear to be written after the events described.

Here is Oswald's "Historic Diary".


9) Page 55. Posner points out the often-repeated mistake that Oswald's wife had an uncle in the KGB. Posner credits Nosenko for exposing this and correctly describing the uncle, Ilya Prusakov, as a member of the MVD. (31) Nosenko then reportedly describes being a Colonel in the MVD as being "like a local policeman." It is true that the MVD had some mundane duties such as transferring and guarding prisoners, but they did perform some domestic spying functions such as counterintelligence. MVD stands for Ministry of Internal Affairs. They were national internal security police. Marina's Uncle might more accurately be compared with an FBI agent than a local "policeman." (32) (L)
(31) WC Vol. 1, p. 89.
(32) Sanche de Gramont, The Secret War, NY, Putnam, 1962, pp. 42, 148.

My opinion - First of all Posner is clearly quoting Nosenko, so if the quote is inaccurate the only person to blame is Nosenko. Second of all, Nosenko was a member of the Soviet intelligence, and lived in both the USSR and the U.S; he probably has as good of an idea of how to compare the different positions as anybody.


10) Page 86n. Posner claims that the CIA has "provided sworn testimony" that there was no relationship between Oswald's friend George De Mohrenschildt and the CIA. This is to supposedly debunk the idea that De Mohrenschildt was Oswald's US intelligence handler. (33) Dallas CIA official J. Walton Moore (who was a frequent guest at the De Mohrenschildt home) claimed Oswald was "perfectly all right" when asked by George if it was safe to associate with the Marxist former defector. (34) CIA Domestic Contacts Division agent Moore testified to the House Select Committee on Assassinations that, from 1957 on, he met with De Mohrenschildt for "debriefing purposes." (35) (L)
(33) Jim DiEugenio, "Posner in New Orleans: Gerry in Wonderland," Dateline Dallas, November 22, 1993.
(34) HSCA Vol. 12, p. 54.
(35) HSCA Report, p. 217.

My opinion - I'm confused by this one. Posner claims on page 87, (with a footnote) that Moore did not see or speak to de Mohrenschildt after 1961, before Oswald even returned to the U.S. Unfortunately I don't have the references to check both claims.

New information - Page 217 of the HSC report, which is the source cited by both authors, reports:

"De Mohrenshchildt indicated that he had asked Moore and Fort Worth attorney Max Clark about Oswald, to reassure himself that it was "safe" for the deMohrenschildts to assist hum and was told by one of these persons, "the guy seems to be OK. "

HSCA Vol. 12, Page 54 reports:

In an interview with the committee on March 14, 1978, Moore stated that he did interview de Mohrenschildt in 1957 after the Yugoslavia trip.(90) At that time Moore also indicated he had "periodic" contact with de Mohrenschildt for "debriefing" purposes over the years after that.

So De Morenschildt did not necessarily attribute the assurance to Moore. The rest of the HSC report is as Posner described it. In a CIA memo dated April 13, 1977 Moore reported that according to his records the last time he talked to De Morenschildt was the fall of 1961. In an earlier CIA memorandum, dated May 1, 1964 Moore reported that he had known DeMorenschildt and his wife since 1957, when he contacted him as part of the overt Domestic Contacts Division (a division that contacted as many as 25,000 Americans who traveled abroad, annually between 1959 and 1963). The contact was a result of De Morenschildt's trip to Yugoslavia. In that memo Moore stated he had seen De Morenschildt several times in 1958 and 1959. There is nothing in the HSC report to indicate that Moore admitted to being a frequent guest in the De Morenschildt home, or that from 1957 on, he met with De Mohrenschildt for "debriefing purposes.", unless you consider 1957 on to mean 1957 to 1961 which is consistent with Moore's statement of over the years, and his memo's, and is exactly what Posner said.

Here is George De Mohrenschildt's WC Testimony. And here is the HSCA report on George de Morenschildt. And here is the manuscript I am a patsy - a manuscript by George de Morenschildt


11) Pages 88, 95, 100, and 592. Posner seems to have a great deal of trouble getting names right. We'll see several more examples of this later. On four separate pages Posner misspells Declan Ford as Delcan Ford. This is just sloppiness and has no bearing on the lone assassin theory but, it's the kind of error that you don't normally see in a "scholarly work" by a major publisher. (36) (N)
(36) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.


12) Page 92n. The author of Case Closed uses Oswald's possession of a controversial Department of Defense Uniformed Services Privilege Card (DD 1173) as being evidence that Oswald "had no relation to any US intelligence agency" because it was "routinely issued to reservists through most of 1959." Posner gives no source for this questionable explanation. As has been pointed out by Mary La Fontaine, (37) with the assistance of Paul Hoch and Mary Ferrell, this particular type of card was also in the possession of the U2 pilot, Gary Powers when he was shot down over the Soviet Union on a spying mission on May 1, 1960. (38) Posner also does not tell his readers that Powers was a serviceman on loan to the Central Intelligence Agency from the United States Air Force. (39) When the FBI turned the card (that was in Oswald's possession when arrested) over to the National Archives in 1966 it was "nearly obliterated" by "extensive chemical testing." This is not a nutty "conspiracy buff " making the evaluation of the card's destruction. It came from Sue McDonough of the Civil Reference branch of the National Archives. (40) (L)
(37) Ray and Mary La Fontaine, Oswald Talked: New Evidence in the JFK Assassination, Gretna, LA, Pelican, 1996, pp. 404-6.
(38) The Trial of the U2, (Soviet Government English language publication), Chicago, IL, Translation World Publishers, 1960, page 13 of photo section. Ray and Mary La Fontaine, Oswald Talked: New Evidence in the JFK Assassination,Gretna, LA, Pelican, 1996, pp. 88-9.
(39) Gary Francis Powers, Operation Overflight: The U2 Spy Pilot Tells His Story for the First Time, NY, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970, pp. 3-9.
(40) Ray and Mary La Fontaine, Oswald Talked: New Evidence in the JFK Assassination, Gretna, LA, Pelican, 1996, pp. 78-9.

My opinion - Posner claimed the card would not be issued to an undercover agent, because it could possibly blow their cover, Gary Powers was not working as an undercover agent when he was shot down. Obviously Powers wasn't expected to be shot down and questioned

New information - Doug Horne of the Assassination Records Review Board studied the issue, and found that several of the Marines in Oswald's unit had the same card. Here is that report. The "nearly obliterated" by "extensive chemical testing" stuff is irrelevant because excellent copies of the card exist, and nothing of evidentiary value has been lost. Testing of paper documents, unfortunately, can be destructive. Other documents, including the "Historic Diary." were also victims of this testing.


13) Page 105. Posner quotes Marina Oswald's testimony to suggest that Oswald owned a "rifle" while living as a defector in the Soviet Union. Posner fails to volunteer the information that, after this claim, Commission head council J. Lee Rankin immediately established that Marina was unable to tell a rifle from a shotgun. (41) Warren Commission attorney Norman Redlich later described Marina as having "repeatedly lied" about issues of "vital concern." (42) Harold Weisberg points out that rifles were not permitted to be owned by a private individual in the Soviet Union and, if anything, it had to be a shotgun. In fact Posner's discredited witness, Yuriy Nosenko, went on record to the FBI that Oswald was such a poor shot that his hunting associates gave him some game to take home when he was unable to hit any animals with his limited marksmanship skills. (43) (L)
(41) WC Vol. 1, p. 13.
(42) Warren Commission internal memorandum by Norman Redlich, February 28, 1964.
(43) Harold Weisberg, Case Open: The Omissions, Distortions and Falsifications of Case Closed, NY, Carroll and Graf, 1994, p. 19.

My opinion - So Nosenko is credible now? But I digress. So what's the point, Marina doesn't know a rifle from a shotgun. That's Posner's fault?

New Information - Here is Marina Oswald's 2/3/64 WC Testimony, 6/11/64 WC Testimony, 7/24/64 WC Testimony, HSC Testimony 1, 2, 3, HSCA Depositions, Shaw trial testimony.
14) Page 107. The author again points to the testimony of Marina Oswald to prove a point. The question is the authenticity of the backyard photos showing Oswald proudly displaying his pistol, rifle and leftist newspapers. Marina admitted to Warren Commission attorney Rankin that she took some pictures of Lee in the backyard with his pistol. (44) Marina apparently told Bob Groden that she took the photos with her back to the steps that appear on the left side of the pictures. (45) If you consider it a possibility that she is telling the truth about this, then the background of the photo would be wrong. (46) (N)
(44) WC Vol. 1, p. 15.
(45) Robert Groden, The Search for Lee Harvey Oswald, NY, Viking, 1995.
(46) Martin Shackelford, Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.


15) Page 117. Gerald Posner attempts to explain away a probable case of evidence tampering concerning a photograph in Oswald's possession showing a car parked at right-wing radical General Edwin Walker's home in Dallas. (47) Posner says that a gaping hole in the photograph (where the license plate would have been) was already there when confiscated from Oswald's belongings. This is unlikely, since it appears to be undamaged when seen in another photo of items of evidence in the possession of Dallas Police after the assassination. (48) Posner also makes the startling claim that he knows this car belonged to a Charles Klihr, but gives no source that can be checked. (49) (L)
(47) William Kelly, "Case Closed Opens New Wounds," The Fourth Decade, March, 1994.
(48) Jesse Curry, JFK Assassination File, Dallas, TX, American Poster and Printing Co., 1969, p. 113.
(49) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.

My opinion - I haven't seen the photo that supposedly shows the undamaged photo so I can't comment, but Posner should have noted how it was determined the car belonged to Charles Klihr

New information - I still have not had an opportunity to view this photo first hand, but I have been assured by people who have seen it, including people that have contributed information to this attack on Posner, that it is clear in the original photo of the evidence in the possession of Dallas Police after the assassination, that the hole is indeed already there. In the DPD photo, Oswald's photo is laying on top of another piece of paper which makes the hole much less obvious.
John McAdams seems to have completely debunked this issue on his web site


16) Page 120. Here we see Posner using two completely different and contradictory accounts from Oswald's wife, Marina. She supposedly discovered that Lee was going out to kill Richard Nixon and thwarted his assassination scheme by forcing him to stay home. (50) The pregnant Marina trapped her husband in an unlocked bathroom and held the door shut (despite Oswald's superior strength) until he "quieted down." (51) Posner explains that it was really LBJ Oswald was after and points to the incident as proof of Oswald's "increasing instability." The Warren Commission rejected both versions of the story as having "no probative value." (52) In one version she trapped her husband in the bathroom for three hours. (53) To the Warren Commission she testified about using brute strength to hold the door shut (and said the whole incident took "maybe twenty minutes"). (54) (L)
(50) Peter Dale Scott, "A Review of Gerald Posner, Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK," Deep Politics II: Essays on Oswald, Skokie, Illinois, Green Archives Publications,1995.
(51) WC Vol. 5, p. 389.
(52) WC Report, p. 189
(53) WC Vol. 22, p. 786.
(54) WC Vol. 5, p. 392.

My opinion - Posner believes Marina's basic story. She may not remember everything exactly right (something that I feel is probably very common) but I can't see why she would make the whole story up. In fact Marina is now very critical of the Warren Commission, but as far as I know, she has not retracted this story.


17) Page 127. Posner claims that on May 29, 1963 Oswald "'went to the Jones Printing Company" to order 1000 pro-Cuba handbills. His reference for this is an FBI report by Special agent John M. McCarthy concerning McCarthy's interview of Myra Silver. (55) When shown a photograph of Oswald she was unable to recognize him as the man who ordered the handbills from her. So what we have here is a classic Posnerism. He cites testimony that contradicts the point it is supposed to support. (56) (L)
(55) WC Vol. 22, p. 797.
(56) Martin Shackelford,"Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.

My opinion - I haven't read McCarthy's interview so it's tough to judge whom is right, but just because Silver could not recognize Oswald that certainly doesn't prove it wasn't him. The rest of the interview could have given enough information to verify that it was Oswald.

New information - Here is additional information about why it certainly is reasonable to conclude that Oswald ordered those handbills 1) the invoice from Jones Printing Co. was found among LHO's belongings was billed to a Mr. Osborne. 2) There is almost no doubt that these were the handbills LHO distributed, 3) Oswald mentioned ordering the handbills in a letter to the FPCC shortly after May 29th, and 4)The printing company was located just opposite the coffee company where LHO worked.


18) Page 138n. Posner says that Gaeton Fonzi was the investigator for the House Select Committee on Assassinations who looked into David Ferrie, Guy Banister and the activities at Banister's office, 544 Camp Street. He suggests this is odd because Fonzi "was a committed believer in conspiracy." In his haste to discredit all "conspiracy buffs" in general and Fonzi and the House Select Committee on Assassinations in particular, Posner incorrectly identifies Fonzi as the author of HSCA reports in this area. (57) Gaeton only did the editing on the reports that were actually produced by HSCA researchers Patricia Orr and Elizabeth Palmer. (58) (L)
(57) Jim DiEugenio, "Posner in New Orleans: Gerry in Wonderland," Dateline Dallas, November 22, 1993.
(58) HSCA Vol. 10.

My opinion - My copy of the report on 544 Camp street ends with the words, submitted by: Gaeton J. Fonzi, Investigator. Patricia M. Orr. Researcher. Posner correctly used the term investigator, and never used the term author.

New information - Here is the HSC report on 544 Camp Street and related events


19) Page 139. Posner attacks the credibility of all witnesses who connected Lee Harvey Oswald with Guy Banister. (59) Banister was a right-wing racist extremist and former special agent in charge of the Chicago office of the FBI. Banister's address appeared on pro-Cuba literature that Oswald was handing out in New Orleans in the summer of 1963. It has been theorized that Oswald may have worked with (or for) Banister in a US intelligence-related capacity as an agent provocateur. Posner dismisses this possibility and disconnects Oswald from any association with Banister by saying that the House Select Committee on Assassinations "questioned six other individuals who worked for Guy Banister during the summer of 1963 and none of them recalled seeing Oswald at 544 Camp." (60) Posner is familiar with the work of Anthony Summers and uses him as a source for information on some issues. Posner neglects to mention that Summers lists four other witnesses who indicated an Oswald-Banister link. (61) (L)
(59) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(60) HSCA Vol. 10, pp. 128-30.
(61) Anthony Summers, Conspiracy, NY, McGraw-Hill, 1980, pp. 322-5.

My opinion - So Posner has to respond to every claim made by every author whose work with which he is familiar?

New information - I'm not sure exactly who these four people are but others mentioned by Summers are 1) Delphine Roberts, and her daughter, whom Posner deals explicitly with, and specifically covered their discussions with Summers 2) Mrs. Guy Banister, who mentions that Fair Play for Cuba pamphlets were among Mr. Banister's effects when he died. Given that Banister kept tabs on subversives, this would not be surprising and certainly doesn't constitute a link, 3) Daniel Campbell, who remembered that on the day that Oswald and Bringuier engaged in the street scuffle, a man with a Marine haircut came into Banister's office to use the phone. This man was supposedly Oswald. Unfortunately, Oswald was in jail at this time, and could not have been in Banister's office 4) Allen Campbell, reported that when somebody told Banister about Oswald's pro-Castro demonstration, Banister merely laughed. Somehow that is a link between Oswald and Bannister. 4) Guy Bannister's brother, who again only claimed that Bannister had seen Oswald handing out literature, not that they were linked in any way 5) Ivan Nitschke, another Bannister associate who stated that Bannister was interested in Oswald, but not that they were linked, and 6) Adrian Alba, who Posner explicitly mentioned, and even interviewed. Alba's uncorroborated stories have been investigated and no evidence was found to support them. In fact his stories have changed so dramatically through the years, that he lacks credibility


20) Page 144n. Posner claims that "few researchers now believe" that Oswald was seen with Clay Shaw and David Ferrie in Clinton, LA. He claims that critics now seem to believe that it may have been Guy Banister and not Clay Shaw. Posner doesn't know or chooses to ignore the fact that one of his own cited Clinton witnesses, Henry Palmer knew Banister and insisted that it was not Banister. (62) (L)
(62) Jim DiEugenio, "Posner in New Orleans: Gerry in Wonderland," Dateline Dallas, November 22, 1993. Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993. New Orleans Times Picayune, February, 7, 1969.

My opinion - Of course Posner knows it wasn't Bannister, as a matter of fact I can safely guess that Posner doesn't believe it wasn't Ferrie or Shaw either. Posner was just commenting on what others believe. It's not his fault they don't know what they are talking about.


21) Page 175. When Posner has trouble with a name, the same error is repeated over and over. We only count this as one mistake but, at least in this respect, he shows consistency. Silvia Odio is spelled Sylvia Odio on three separate pages. (63) You might excuse Posner for confusing the name Sylvia with Silvia. He makes several attempts at "discrediting" Sylvia Meagher (and fails each time) and then he has to keep track of three others he mentions with the same first name in a space of three (Silvia Herrera, Silvia "Sylvia" Odio and Sylvia Duran). (64) (N)
(63) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(64)Case Closed, pp. 178-80.


22) 186n. Posner excuses the mix-up by the CIA in incorrectly identifying a photo of a man at a communist embassy in Mexico City as being Oswald. He claims that "the CIA file did not contain any photos" of Oswald at the time of the error. Peter Dale Scott points out that this is not true. (65) The CIA had at least four photos of Oswald in its pre-assassination file on him. Two were photos of Oswald taken by American tourists in Minsk when Oswald was living there as a defector and the other two were in newspaper clippings.(66) (L)
(65) Peter Dale Scott, "A Review of Gerald Posner, Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK," Deep Politics II: Essays on Oswald, Skokie, Illinois, Green Archives Publications, 1995.
(66) Anthony Summers, Conspiracy, NY, McGraw-Hill, 1980, pp. 380-1.

My opinion - In the same note that Posner says there were no photos, he makes it clear that he meant a particular file, not all CIA files, because he even mentions the Minsk Photos that were discovered later in a different file.


23) Page 224. According to Gerald Posner, Oswald's neighbor Linnie Mae Randle saw Oswald on the morning of the assassination carrying a package "under his armpit, and the other end did not quite touch the ground." This is a classic Posnerism. (67) He has combined Randle's testimony with her brother's to give a deliberate false impression. Her brother, Buell Wesley Frazier (who saw Oswald at a different time carrying the package), said that Oswald had one end in his right hand and the other end under his armpit. (68) In Frazier's description, he mentions nothing about the package being anywhere near "the ground." In Linnie Mae Randle's statement to the FBI of Dec. 2, 1963, she said Oswald was carrying a package in his right hand and that it was long but it did not touch the ground as he walked across the street. (69) She said nothing about it being "under his armpit." In Randle's testimony in Washington, DC, she further clarified this by saying that Oswald held it at "the top with just a little bit sticking up." (70) To the FBI she demonstrated that it was 27 inches long. (71) To attorney Ball she said it was "a little bit more than two feet long." (72) This was much shorter than the three foot length of the package in evidence and much too short to have contained the rifle, even in a disassembled state. (L)
(67) James R. Folliard, "Gerald Posner Closes the Case, "The Fourth Decade, November, 1993.
(68) WC Vol. 2, p. 228.
(69) WC Vol. 24, p. 407.
(70) WC Vol. 2, p. 248.
(71) WC Vol. 24, p. 408.
(72) WC Vol. 2, p. 249.

My opinion - I have not completely read the specific testimony cited here, but I think Posner is wrong here. He certainly can't explain the discrepancy between the testimony of these witnesses and the actual length of the package; other than to claim they were mistaken.

New information - After reading the complete testimony, I have to agree that Posner misrepresented it. Here is a 3/18/64 FBI Report on Frazier, Buell Wesley Frazier's WC Testimony 1, WC Testimony 2, Affidavit, Shaw trial testimony, and Linnie Mae Randle's WC Testimony and 11/23/63 FBI report


24) Page 225. Posner again deliberately confuses the issue of the paper sack that was allegedly used to smuggle the rifle into the Texas Schoolbook Depository. He states that Randle and her brother Buell Wesley Frazier both "said it looked like the one Oswald carried that morning." They both were quite certain in explaining that the package was too short to contain the rifle. (73) Frazier said that Oswald had a package that "was roughly about two feet long." (74) Frazier insisted that the package shown to him by attorney Ball was "entirely too long" to be the one Oswald had that morning. (75) Linnie Mae Randle was also very firm when asked by Ball if it was "anywhere near similar" in length. She said, "It definitely wasn't that long." (76) Mrs. Randle, when shown the same sack by the FBI on Dec. 1, 1963, folded it down to its correct length of 27 inches. She also showed agents McNeely and Odum that Oswald carried the package "at the top with his hand." (77) (L)
(73) James R. Folliard, "Gerald Posner Closes the Case," The Fourth Decade, November, 1993.
(74) WC Vol. 2, p. 226.
(75) WC Vol. 2, p. 240.
(76) WC Vol. 2, p. 249.
(77) WC Vol. 24, p. 408.

My opinion - same as the previous opinion


25) Page 225. Posner says Bonnie Ray Williams saw Oswald at 11:40 AM on the east side of the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository, "near the windows overlooking Dealey Plaza." On March 19, 1964 Williams said, in an FBI interview, that the last time he saw Oswald was "at about 11:40 AM. (78) At that time Oswald was on the sixth floor on the east side of the building." (79) But then we check his Warren Commission testimony of March 24, 1964 and he marks a spot on a chart at the north side of the building where he last saw Oswald at 11:45-11:50 AM. (80). To show just how bad this particular witness was we can refer to Williams' sworn affidavit from Nov. 22, 1963 where he says he didn't see Oswald at all after he "saw him at 8 AM." (81) Posner took his pick from three different versions to find one that was consistent with the lone assassin theory and completely ignored the other versions given by the same, unreliable witness. (L)
(78) Jerry Rose, "The Deadly Smirk and Other Inventions," The Fourth Decade, November, 1993.
(79) WC Vol. 22, pp. 681-2.
(80) WC Vol. 3, p. 167.
(81) WC Vol. 24, p. 229.

My opinion - As far as dissecting witness testimony goes, this is a game that can, and is, played by both sides. In general I believe it is possible to discredit to some extent any witness. Throughout his book, Posner will try to discredit some testimony of an otherwise consistent witness, while believing particular testimony of other witnesses with less credibility. This will be true of any advocate. To be honest, Posner is a typical lawyer, and the title of his book would indicate to anybody that he is approaching this case in a legal frame of mind. I think it would be unreasonable to expect Posner to spend a lot of time bringing out every inconsistency in every one of his supporting witness's statements. Since there are thousands of witnesses, many of whom made multiple statements, it is impossible to be familiar with all of the statements. Arguments about what they said, and what they meant can go on for days.

Here is Bonnie Ray Williams's WC Testimony


26) Page 225n. Posner claimed the paper sack that allegedly held the rifle "contained microscopic fibers from the blanket with which Oswald kept the rifle wrapped." FBI agent Stombaugh, an expert from their hair and fiber unit testified only that "the possibility exists that these fibers could have come from this blanket." (82) This is not a very conclusive statement and shows he was far from certain about this. (83) Then, incredibly, we find Posner contradicting his previous statement by saying (on page 272 of Case Closed) that the FBI didn't have a match. Posner makes a categorical statement and then completely contradicts himself 47 pages later. (84) (L)
(82) WC Vol. 4, p. 81.
(83) James R. Folliard, "Gerald Posner Closes the Case,"The Fourth Decade, Nov., 1993.
(84) Case Closed, p.272.

My opinion - Certainly Posner's first statement is wrong. The fact that he later tells the correct story lends more credibility to sloppiness than intent to mislead. Then again taking the experts testimony "the possibility exists that these fibers could have come from this blanket." out of context is a little misleading. Since some people might say anything is possible, it makes his statement seem insignificant. In fact, the expert testified that those fibers did specifically match some of the fibers in the blanket. He could not claim that they probably came from that blanket because there were not enough fibers, to match all of the different fibers in the blanket.


27) Page 226. Posner tells us that an FBI agent assembled the alleged murder rifle in less than six minutes using only a dime. Oswald had no known tools available to him to assemble the weapon after he supposedly brought it into the Texas School Book Depository in pieces. Sure enough, FBI agent Cunningham supposedly demonstrated this feat in front of Warren Commission attorney Ball. (85) Dr. Roger McCarthy of Failure Analysis Associates, (who is also an expert marksman and couldn't duplicate Oswald's shooting accomplishment) tried to assemble a Carcano rifle with a dime and found it was impossible, because a dime is too thick to fit the slots in the screws. (86) (L)
(85) WC Vol. 2, p. 252.
(86) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.

My opinion - I don't know who to believe, but I am guessing that Cunningham probably used the actual rifle that Oswald used, while McCarthy only used a similar rifle. The point is moot, because Oswald went back to his apartment after the shooting, so he could have left whatever tool he used to assemble the rifle there.

New information - a reader pointed out to me that dimes made before 1965 are 90% silver. Starting in 1965 they were made of an alloy of copper and nickel. The old silver coins get worn down a lot quicker than the new ones. A dime used before the WC would have been silver. A dime used by Failure Analysis would almost certainly have been one of the newer ones, unless they specifically got an old dime. It is entirely possible that a worn dime circa 1963 will fit in a slot that a 1965 or later dime won't.


28) Page 227n. Now we have the amazing example of a group of five Texas School Book Depository employees who all changed their stories over time to favor a lone assassin. Each of these five witnesses Posner cites are going to be treated as a separate item for the purposes of the list. Posner uses their later stories to prove that Oswald was seen on the sixth floor minutes before the assassination. (87) Posner says "five witnesses placed Oswald on an upper floor" before noon. On March 18, 1964, our first witness, Danny Arce says nothing about seeing Oswald at that time. (88) In Arce's April 7, 1964 testimony he says he saw Oswald around noon and states, "I believe he was on the fifth; I am not too sure." (89) Now he sees him on an upper floor but isn't certain of which one. (L)
(87) Peter Dale Scott, "A Review of Gerald Posner, Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK," Deep Politics II: Essays on Oswald, Skokie, Illinois, Green Archives Publications, 1995.
(88) WC Vol. 22, p. 634.
(89) WC Vol. 6, p. 364-5.

My opinion - Same as the previous statement concerning discrediting witnesses.

New information - After re-reading this, I don't see how Posner is in error at all here. There are probably hundreds of details in Arce's testimony that were not in his March 18th report, why should that prevent Posner from using what he said during his testimony? As a matter of fact in an affidavit given on the day of the shooting Arce claimed:

"There was another employee that I saw named Lee Oswald. He was on the first floor of the building when I saw him at 8:00 am. He is the same man I saw the police bring into the Homicide Bureau about 2:00 pm. I also saw him on the 5th floor as we were leaving for lunch at 11:50 am."

Here is a 3/18/64 FBI Report on Arce and his WC Testimony and Affidavit.


29) Page 227n. The second witness in Posner's gang of five is Jack Dougherty. In one statement to the FBI, Dougherty does not mention anything about seeing Oswald at any time on the day of the assassination. (90) In his testimony to the Warren Commission on April 18, 1964 he verifies his earlier Nov. 23, 1963 statement to the FBI that he saw Oswald at "11 AM on the sixth floor." (91) Then we have yet another statement from Dougherty from a deposition he signed on Nov. 22, 1963 that he "saw him on the 6th floor shortly before noon." (92) How can Posner be so sure he has selected a truthful version? There is no way to tell if any of the versions are accurate. (L)
(90) WC Vol. 22, p. 645.
(91) WC Vol. 7, p. 378.
(92) WC Vol. 24,p. 206.

My opinion - None of these statements are mutually exclusive, they can all be true. The relevance of not mentioning something in an earlier statement is difficult to judge without the full text of that statement.

New information - Here is Jack Dougherty's WC Testimony, and his Affidavit, and a 3/18/64 FBI Report


30) Page 227n. The third witness of this bunch is the previously described Bonnie Ray Williams. We saw how he came up with conflicting statements as to where he saw Oswald that day. Williams stated in his March 24, 1963 appearance before the Warren Commission that he saw Oswald on the "fifth or sixth floor" around "11:30 or 12:00." (93) Earlier, Williams said to the FBI (on March 19, 1964) that he saw him "at about 11:40 AM" and now seemed certain that it was the sixth floor. (94) In one account he was on the east side of the building and in the other he saw him on the north side. (L)
(93) WC Vol. 3, p. 168.
(94) WC Vol. 22, p. 682.

My opinion - certainly testimony which becomes more specific is always suspect, unless the witness has an objective reason for being able to recall the details


31) Page 227n. Our fourth flexible witness, Billy Lovelady, gave a statement to the FBI on March 19, 1964 that he last saw Oswald on the sixth floor in the morning and gave no specific time. (95) In Lovelady's Warren Commission testimony on April 7, 1964 he now remembers an elevator ride at noon where he heard Oswald yell out a request to be taken down with him on the elevator. They kept on going and left him on an upper floor. (96) In Lovelady's deposition of Nov. 22, 1963 he makes no mention of Oswald. (97) (L)
(95) WC Vol. 22, p. 662
(96) WC Vol. 6, p. 337.
(97) WC Vol. 24,p. 214.

My opinion - Certainly contains more detail, but he was able to tie the increased detail to a specific event that refreshed his memory

New Information - Once again There in no " error" here, and there is no reason to believe Lovelady would have lied about this. In fact Lovelady, was one of the witnesses who testified that he thought the shots came from the grassy knoll area, so he wasn't some "flexible" witness who was just saying what he was told to say. Here is a 3/19/64 FBI Report and Lovelady's WC Testimony


32) Page 227n. The final witness in this group of five is Charles Givens. Givens stated in his Warren Commission testimony that he saw Oswald on the 6th floor just before noon. (98) In his Dallas Police statement of Nov. 22, 1963 he makes no mention of Oswald. (99) In his FBI deposition of March 18, 1964 the only mention of Oswald is to say that he didn't see him "when the President was shot." (100) In February of 1964 the FBI interviewed Lieutenant Jack Revill of the Dallas Police. Revill stated that Givens had been arrested on marijuana charges and that "Givens would change his story for money." (101) On April 8, 1964 Givens, for the first time, admitted that he went back up to the 6th floor for cigarettes and saw Oswald there. Warren Commission attorney Belin asks him if he saw Oswald at 11:50 AM reading a paper in the Domino Room on a lower floor. Givens said no, but Belin knew (from an unpublished FBI affidavit of Nov. 22, 1963) that Givens had said exactly that. (102) Givens went from seeing nothing to seeing him at lunch on a lower floor at 11:50 AM to seeing him on the sixth floor just before noon. These five persons' accounts are a conflicting, confusing mass of contradictions. Posner uses their later, evolved stories to "close" the case. Didn't Posner say something about preferring testimony "closer to the event" and that it must be "given greater weight" (103) (L)
(98) WC Vol. 6, p. 351.
(99) WC Vol. 24, p. 210.
(100) WC Vol. 22, p. 649.
(101) Sylvia Meagher, The Texas Observer, "The Curious Testimony of Mr. Givens," August 13, 1971. Peter Dale Scott, Paul Hoch and Richard Stetler, The Assassinations: Dallas and Beyond - A Guide to Cover-ups and Investigations, NY, Vintage Books, 1976.
(102) Warren Commission Document 5, p. 329.
(103) Case Closed, p. 235.

My opinion - If what is claimed about Givins is true, that certainly would discredit any uncorroborated testimony he gives. In general the testimony of all the witnesses in this case both pro and con lone-assassin are a conflicting, confusing mass of contradictions. I wouldn't use these witnesses alone to convict Oswald, but taken together they are hard to just dismiss.

New information - Here is Givens's Affidavit, 3/18/64 FBI Report, WC Testimony


33) Page 227. We find out from Posner that Lee Harvey Oswald wasn't in the Texas School Book Depository lunchroom around noon like he had claimed to be when questioned by authorities after his arrest. How does Posner know? We find out that three of the Warren Commission's most pliable witnesses say they were eating in that lunchroom in their later Commission testimony. When we check Posner's references for Charles Givens we see he said no such thing. (104) When asked by attorney Belin if he ate in the Texas School Book Depository that day, Givens says, "No sir." (105) Danny Arce said in his Warren Commission testimony that he ate "In that little Domino Room there." (106) In Arce's affidavit of Nov. 22, 1963 he said, "At lunch time at 12:00 noon I went down on the street to see the parade." (107) He said he was standing at "Elm and Houston" at 12:30 PM when he heard shots. (108) Jack Dougherty does say he ate "In the Domino Room" when he testified to the Warren Commission on April 8, 1964, but he says on the next page of the testimony that he thinks he ate lunch after the assassination. (109) The Warren Commission Report describes Dougherty as being "confused." (104) (L)
(110) Peter Dale Scott, "A Review of Gerald Posner, Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, "Deep Politics II: Essays on Oswald, Skokie, Illinois, Green Archives Publications, 1995.
(105) WC Vol. 6, p. 352.
(106) WC Vol. 6, p. 365.
(107) WC Vol. 24, p. 199.
(108) WC Vol. 6, p. 378.
(109) WC Vol. 6, p. 379.
(110) WC Report, p. 153.

My opinion - There were two places that employees ate, the second floor lunchroom and the first floor Domino Room. Oswald claimed to be eating lunch with Junior, who ate his lunch on the first floor Domino Room. So when these people are quoted as saying the Domino room, they are talking about a room where people often ate lunch.

New information - Posner also mentions a fourth witness, Troy West, who was on the first floor eating his lunch, and he did not see Oswald either, and a fifth witnes, Mrs. Robert Reid who was in the first floor lunch room, and didn't see Oswald. There is no error here unless you believe Oswald really did eat lunch with Junior as he claimed. Here is James Earl Jarman Jr.'s WC Testimony, and his Affidavit. Bonnie Ray Williams, and Harold Norman both testified that Jarman was on the fifth floor with them at the time of the assassination. Williams and and Norman are visible on the fifth floor in the pictures of the Depository taken just after the assassination. While at least one conspiracy researcher believes that Jarman was part ot he assassination plot, I have seen no reasonable motive to explain why Jarman, Williams and Norman would all lie about this. Nor have I heard what other Junior, with which Oswald could have been eating his lunch.


34) Page 231n. In a footnote Posner claims that the Bronson film was "enhanced by the Itek Corporation for CBS." The Bronson film didn't surface until 1978 at which time the HSCA had another firm, Aerospace Corporation study the film. CBS hired Itek to study other known films of the assassination in 1975. The Aerospace Corporation analysis of the Bronson film was inconclusive in its findings concerning possible movement in the TSBD windows and recommended further study. (111) (N)
(111) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.


35) Page 233. Posner parrots the often-repeated myth that "no Secret Service men rode on the running boards attached to the rear" of JFK's limousine. (112) Posner ignores or doesn't know about agent Clint Hill's testimony to the Warren Commission that he rode on the back of the limousine "approximately four times." (113) And now, thanks to the work of the Assassination Records Review Board, we have corroboration for Clint Hill's testimony. A recently discovered film taken from the car immediately following the limousine shows Hill riding on the back of the Limousine. (114) Although no reference is given, William Manchester seems to be the source of this error. (115) (L)
(112) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(113) WC Vol. 2, p. 136.
(114) Dave Powers film, National Archives.
(115) William Manchester, The Death of a President, NY, Harper & Row, 1967, p. 37.

My opinion - I'm not sure how this mistake helps support the lone assassin theory, and it's obvious from the Zapruder film, that during the actual shooting, Hill was not on the running board attached to the rear of the presidential limousine.


36) Page 234. The author contends that "the President's hands jerked up into a locked position level with his neck." Posner adopts this idea from a long-time lone assassin theorist by the name of Dr. John Lattimer. (116) It's not really accurate to say that his hands went into a "locked position" since they came back down to some degree even before the fatal head shot struck. (117) (L)
(116) John K. Lattimer, Kennedy and Lincoln: Medical and Ballistic Comparisons of Their Assassinations, NY, Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1980, pp. 243-4.
(117) Abraham Zapruder film, National Archives.

My opinion - This is clearly a matter of interpretation. If you look at the film you can see his arms stay in an unnatural position for an extended period of time. It certainly appears that Kennedy is incapable of moving his arms.


37) Page 234. Some witnesses contend (and Posner agrees) that the limousine slowed and came to a virtual standstill before the fatal shot hit. Posner says that the driver of the limousine, William Greer, "turned in his seat to see what had happened" after hearing gunfire. In fact Greer turned around not once, but twice and didn't accelerate until the President was hit in the head. (118) It could be argued that, when he first turned and saw an obviously distressed President, Greer should have reacted by accelerating right away. If he had done this, the fatal shot might not have hit JFK at all. (N)
(118) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.

New information - Why is this even on this list. What was Posner's error?


38) Page 237. Posner attempts to discredit Josiah Thompson's statistical breakdown of the locations where witnesses felt the shots originated. Thompson calculated that 52% were for the Grassy Knoll location, 39% for the Texas School Book Depository and 6% for neither location. (119) While taking exception with certain of Thompson's interpretations, Posner either ignores or doesn't know of a much larger study done by researcher Craig Ciccone. (120) Ciccone's study concluded that, out of 326 total identified witnesses, 90 were for the Grassy Knoll, 46 were for the Depository and 6 felt shots came from both locations. (121) (L)
(119) Josiah Thompson, Six Seconds in Dallas: A Microstudy of the Kennedy Assassination, NY, Bernard Geis Associates, 1967, p. 24.
(120) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(121) Craig Ciccone, "Master List of Witnesses in Dealey Plaza - 11/22/63"

My opinion - Once again Posner is supposed to respond to every statement made by every conspiracy theorist. Amazingly, you don't take issue with any of Posner's criticisms of Thompson, so I guess we can accept that Thompson is discredited. As far as Ciccone's study goes, I have never heard of it, but it is amazing to me that he has 326 witnesses when Thompson's study only had 190 witnesses.

New Information - I still have not seen Ciccone's study, but John McAdams has asked the author of this attack on Posner to produce the list on the news group alt.assassination.jfk, so that it could be scrutinized, and I never did see the author produce this list. I have gathered much of the witness testimony and discussed it on a web site at http://jfkassassination.net/russ/m_j_russ/comp.htm


39) Page 245. Posner says that photographer Ron Reiland (who photographed the arrest of Lee Harvey Oswald in the Texas Theater) took film of the incident but, because of mistakes in using lenses, "nothing developed." Reiland's film did develop. (122) The film did turn out to be improperly exposed but nonetheless exists and is available to be seen. (123) (N)
(122) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(123) See the video, "Films From the Sixth Floor."

New information - I originally didn't respond to the items on this list that were labeled with an (N) because supposedly these mistakes didn't indicate a bias, but I can't help but mentioning that something like this is used to inflate the count of mistakes to 100. Obviously when Posner said nothing developed, he meant the picture was useless. Obviously the picture was actually developed, or how would you even know that there was a problem with the lenses.


40) Page 245n. Gerald Posner incorrectly identifies reporter Robert MacNeil as the person Lee Harvey Oswald reportedly mistook for a Secret Service agent just after the assassination. Posner apparently relies on William Manchester's false claim that it was MacNeil when MacNeil himself refutes this in his own book. (124) MacNeil discovered that this person was actually Pierce Allman. (125) Posner then repeats this error in his illustration of Oswald's escape route in the Texas School Book Depository. (126) (N)
(124) William Manchester, The Death of a President, NY, Harper & Row, 1967, p. 37.
(125) Robert MacNeil, At the Right Place at the Right Time, NY, Little, Brown & Co., 1982, p. 213.
(126) Case Closed, p. 481.


41) Page 247. Posner accepts the witness, James Worrell, who claims to have seen "what you might call a little flash of fire and then smoke." (127) Posner embraces this description uncritically because it presumably gives him a witness to a rifle firing in the Texas School Book Depository window where Oswald is supposed to be. Actually, Posner combines two similar but different statements on the same page of testimony into one. This compositing of testimony doesn't appreciably change the meaning. Quote number one is, "Well I saw what you might call a little flame and smoke." Quote number two describes a third shot and Worrell says, "same thing, a little flash of fire and then smoke." What Worrell says after this is something that Posner, in his selective, deceptive style, has to avoid. Worrell says, I didn't see it on the fourth one." It is inconvenient that this witness clearly describes four shots and the three that Posner's flavor of lone assassin theory depends upon. In an affidavit signed by Worrell on Nov. 22, 1963 he said that he didn't see the first shot's fire and smoke, he did see it on the second and he ran and (while running) heard, but did not see, a third and fourth shot. (128) This is another example of Posner's choice of witnesses with evolving and changing testimony that he so often uses to "close" the case. But this is not the worst part about this example. With prosecutorial zeal Posner does everything he can to discredit several Grassy Knoll witnesses. Some witnesses noticed what appeared to be a puff of smoke rising up from the Knoll area. To counter these witnesses Posner completely reverses himself in relation to the fire and smoke aspect nine pages later. He makes a truly mindless error of self-contradiction by stating categorically that "modern ammunition is smokeless." (129) (L)
(127) WC Vol. 2, p. 200.
(128) WC Vol. 16, p. 959.
(129) James R. Folliard, "Gerald Posner Closes the Case," The Fourth Decade, November, 1993.

My opinion - This certainly is Posner at his lawyerly worst. In his defense, it certainly is more likely that Worrel would be mistaken about the number of shots, considering he was occupied with running, vs. looking directly at the rifle being fired. Since Worrel doesn't claim the fourth shot came from a completely different direction, it is hard to see how his testimony would support a multiple gunman theory.

New information - Here is James Richard Worrell Jr.'s WC Testimony. On the issue of smokeless ammunition, smokeless is a relative term. A modern rifle still will emit a small amount of smoke when fired. Obviously there is a critical difference between looking directly at a rifle when it is being fired, and seeing the small amount of smoke emitted, and claiming that there was so much smoke that it hung around several feet in the air, as the grassy knoll witnesses claimed. An interesting note, for his film JFK, Oliver Stone wanted to duplicate the "smoke on the knoll", and after trying fruitlessly to produce enough smoke with a rifle to see, he needed to bring in a smoke machine to create the necessary illusion.


42) Page 248. Posner is not above using almost any witness to prove his points. One of the weakest witnesses used by the Warren Commission was Howard Brennan. Brennan claimed that the shooter was standing and is credited with the description that led to his apprehension. (130) The trouble with Brennan's claim is the fact that the alleged sixth floor Texas School Book Depository shooter had to be crouched down behind the boxes that formed the rest for his gun. Any "guess" (as Posner characterizes it) of the person's height would have been a virtual impossibility. (131) (L)
(130) WC Vol. 3, p. 144.
(131) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.

My opinion - While Brennan certainly may have been overzealous in his reporting of details and he got some of those details wrong, he certainly isn't a weak witness. The fact of the matter is, he reported a gunman in the depository within minutes of the shooting, and his description, roughly matched that of Oswald.

New information - Here is Brennan's WC Testimony1, 2, 3, 11/22/63 Affidavit, 5/7/64 Affidavit


43) Page 251. The next item comes from a controversial witness by the name of Jean Hill. There is no controversy about the mistake we are about to describe. Posner states, in an attempt to discredit inconvenient statements by Hill, that "The Zapruder home movie shows Hill never moved or said a word the president passed and she was not even looking at him when he was first shot." Jean Hill does not even appear in the Zapruder film until frame number Z287 after both Connally and the President have been hit. (132) Posner, later in e book, gives us his unlikely theory that the first shot was fired "near frame 160 ." (133) Whether Jean Hill is reliable as a witness or not is totally irrelevant in respect to this surprisingly inaccurate claim by Posner. (L)
(132) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(133) Case Closed, p. 323.

My opinion - There is no doubt that this is a mistake, but I think Posner meant that Hill was not even looking at Kennedy when he was shot in the head, and he used the term, first shot, to mean, when that shot actually hit him, as opposed to just after.


44) Page 256. On the day of the assassination Posner says, "there was a stiff wind blowing north to south." This is an attempt to explain why people in the motorcade smelled gunpowder immediately after the shots were fired. When we check his references for this claim we see Posner at his deceptive best on this issue. Mrs. Robert Reid said, "the wind was blowing a little bit," but gives no direction at all. (134) Luke Mooney says, "The wind was blowing pretty high," and again we see he gives no direction at all. (135) James Romack states, "The wind was blowing a little bit from the south that day." (136) Only two of his cited five witnesses talk of wind from the north. Tom Dillard said, "there developed a very brisk north wind." (137) James Altgens says, "The north wind caught her (Jackie Kennedy's) hat and almost blew it off." (138) So on this point we have two supporting witnesses, two who offer no verification and one that flatly contradicts Posner's statement. (139) The House Select Committee on Assassinations checked the wind direction for that day and found that at 12:30 PM the wind was blowing from the west. (140) This wind direction suggests that the occupants of the cars traveling west would not have smelled gunpowder at all if the smell was originating from Texas School Book Depository. In fact it would not have entered the Dealey Plaza zone at all and would have headed east from Oswald's alleged perch. For the purpose of this study we will count this as one error, even though it involves three misrepresentations of testimony. (L)
(134) WC Vol. 3, p. 273.
(135) WC Vol. 3, p. 282.
(136) WC Vol. 6, p. 280.
(137) WC Vol. 6, p. 165.
(138) WC Vol. 7, p. 517.
(139) Michael M. Dworetsky, "Wind and Gunsmoke: A Deception in Gerald Posner's Case Closed," Electronic Assassinations Newsletter, Issue #1, http://home.cynet.net/jfk/
(140) HSCA Vol. 8, pp. 21, 173-4.

My opinion - Once again, is the House Select Committee is the final authority? I have no idea what the truth is. Maybe the winds were swirling, and everybody is right.


45) Page 257. Posner makes the statement that witness Gordon Arnold "was not in Dealey Plaza on the day of the assassination." Posner refers to unnamed "photo enhancements" that he says proves Arnold is not there on the Grassy Knoll where he claimed to have fallen to the ground immediately after the shots. Senator Ralph Yarborough saw this account in a story in the Dallas Morning News and confirmed, in another, later article in the Dallas Morning News, that he saw a man drop down quickly just after hearing gunfire. (141) He thought to himself that this was the reaction of a "combat veteran." (142) Posner claims that Yarborough saw Bill Newman and not Arnold. Newman was an ex-serviceman but Newman and his wife were close together and each had one of their small children with them as they also fell to the ground on the Grassy Knoll. Yarborough described a "young serviceman" in a uniform, but Newman was in civilian clothing. Arnold was a 22-year-old just out on leave after completing his army basic training. (143) Posner's unexplained "photo enhancements" would be meaningless if Arnold was flat on the ground and out of sight of cameras at that time. Posner also says that Arnold "ran into men with CIA identifications" on the Grassy Knoll. Arnold, like others, has mentioned that there were men with Secret Service credentials in the area (not CIA). (144) (L)
(141) Jim Marrs, Crossfire, NY, Carroll & Graf, 1989, 1990, p. 78-9.
(142) Earl Golz, "SS Impostors Spotted by JFK Witness,"Dallas Morning News, August 27, 1978. Ralph Yarborough, Dallas Morning News, December 31,1978.
(143) Anthony Summers, Conspiracy, NY, McGraw-Hill, 1980, p. 58-9.
(144) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.

My opinion - Posner's discussion on Arnold should have been presented as theory instead of fact, but it certainly is hard to explain why no other witness saw Arnold, why he is not present in any of the photographs taken that day, and why he didn't tell his story for fifteen years.

New information - Arnold's claim to have seen "Secret Service" agents behind the Knoll is from Marrs book. But in THE MEN WHO KILLED KENNEDY he said a man behind the Stockade Fence showed him CIA credentials. So Arnold has told two different stories.
A key photo is the Cecil Stoughton photo of the Knoll about 45 seconds after the head shot. The Retaining Wall is clearly visible. If Arnold is telling the truth, he should be there,surrendering his film to the crying man with dirty fingernails. He isn't, and neither is the man.
As for Yarborough -- he did not identify Arnold as the man he saw diving for the ground. An historian friend of Dave Perry's interviewed Yarborough about this, and Yarborough insisted he inferred the man he saw had military training, since he dove so quickly for the ground. The man Yarborough described did not wear military clothing.


46) Page 264. Harold Weisberg explains that Posner was wrong when he says that Oswald "hurried diagonally across the sixth floor." (145) The sixth floor was full of books and this would have been impossible. A look at Commission Exhibit 719 demonstrates this problem. (146) It is a photo of this floor of the building that shows dense stacks of boxes piled high. These boxes would have been in the way of this escape route. Perhaps Posner is aware that it would have been unlikely that Oswald could have hidden the weapon in the manner in which it was discovered and made it downstairs to be confronted by a police officer on a lower floor in the time allotted him by the Warren Commission. Posner repeats this error on his chart that shows a diagonal line through a representation of the area that includes none of the boxes that were in the way of Posner's imagined escape route. (147) (L)
(145) Harold Weisberg, Case Open: The Omissions,Distortions and Falsifications of Case Closed, NY, Carroll and Graf, 1994, p. 110.
(146) WC Vol. 17, p. 502.
(147) Case Closed, p. 480.

My opinion - There is no evidence that those books would have caused been a serious impediment to Oswald's ability to get across the floor in the necessary time. The omission of the books is at best sloppy, at worst misleading, but it really does not change anything.

New information - The Warren report stated "Special Agent John Howlett of the Secret Service carried a rifle from the southeast corner of the sixth floor along the east aisle to the northeast corner. He placed the rifle on the floor near the site where Oswald's rifle was actually found after the shooting" So in the actual tests for the timing nobody went diagonally across the floor.


47) Page 268. Posner has a habit of wholeheartedly endorsing a witness on one point that he needs to "prove" and then trying hard to discredit the same witness on some other issue. On one hand he accepts the testimony of Earlene Roberts (Oswalds rooming house landlady) when it comes to Oswald returning to his room after the assassination to retrieve his jacket and pistol. Oswald needed his jacket to conceal the pistol he allegedly murdered a Police officer with after the assassination. (148) On the same page Posner refers to Hugh Aynesworth's interviews with Roberts to cast doubt on her claim to have seen a police car stop out front of the rooming house and honk while Oswald was getting his jacket and gun. (149) Is Roberts a reliable witness or not? (150) (L)
(148) WC Vol. 6, p. 439.
(149) WC Vol. 6, p. 443.
(150) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.

My opinion - Once again this is typical lawyer stuff. I think it is simplistic to assume that if a witness is incorrect on one point, that they are not reliable. The credibility of every statement has to be taken within its complete context. Actually this is what Posner's book does better than any other book that I have read; putting information into context. This is the main flaw of most conspiracy books; they take isolated incidents out of context to try to prove a point. This is why the conspiracy believers have yet to come up with one credible alternative theory. There are the Mob did it theories, The CIA did it theories, the right wing Texas oil men did it theories, and my personal favorite, the all of the above did it theories. We've had theories involving two to six different shooters located from the Grassy knoll, to the Dal Tex building, from a sewer to a the follow up car. To some of the conspiracy theorists, Garrison was a hero, while others consider his whole case a travesty of justice. Why do all these different theories surface bounce around, and then lose favor to the theory de'jure? Because individual pieces of evidence will support one of these different theories, but at the same time they will discredit other theories. So it is important not to throw the baby out with the bath water, and to try to give each piece of evidence the proper weight it deserves.


48) Page 272. Posner attempts to fool the unsuspecting reader into thinking that Wesley Frazier and Linnie Mae Randle were in agreement as to the way Oswald carried the paper sack that supposedly contained the disassembled rifle on the morning of the assassination. (151) Posner says the palm print of Oswald was near the bottom of the bag. Frazier testified (but not Randle) that Oswald held the lower part of the bag "with his right hand." (152) In this example of Posnerian deception we are given no reference. If we revisit Randle's testimony we see that she said Oswald held it near "the top." (153) It seems even Warren Commission attorney Ball didn't know which end was which on this bag (that he had with him during questioning of the witnesses). When Randle asked him if she was correct in her guess as to where the bottom of the bag was, Ball said, "I believe so, but I am not sure." (154) (L)
(151) James R. Folliard, "Gerald Posner Closes the Case," The Fourth Decade, November, 1993.
(152) WC Vol. 2, p. 228.
(153) WC Vol. 2, p. 248.
(154) WC Vol. 2, p. 249.

My opinion - As stated earlier, Posner definitely handles the issue of this bag poorly, but he did admit in his book that there testimony concerning the length of the bag, did not match the actual length. This is a good example of placing things in context. If we accept the fact that neither of these witnesses is bold face liars, it seems highly unlikely that they would have completely imagined that Oswald carried some sort of package. It certainly is much more likely that they could have been mistaken about the exact length of that package.


49) Page 272. Posner loves to "debunk" assassination myths but he also embraces them when they serve his purposes. He states that there was a gathering of "every one of the Texas School Book Depository's employees on the first floor. The only one missing was Lee Oswald." Posner gives no reference for this "gathering." I discovered that J. Edgar Hoover sent a list of statements taken by FBI agents of 73 persons who worked at the Texas School Book Depository to the head council of the Warren Commission, J. Lee Rankin on April 3, 1964. If you read every one of these sworn statements you will find no mention in any of them (including the one signed by Roy Truly) of any roll call or "gathering" of TSBD employees. (155) Reporter Kent Biffle supposedly saw two roll calls and he says that at the second one everyone was there but Oswald. The second roll call supposedly happened at 2:30 PM when Oswald was already in custody. (156) A statistical breakdown of the 73 FBI statements reveals that 17 were never in the building after 12:30 PM, 41 had left by 2:30 PM, 3 left between 2:30 PM and 3:00 PM, 4 were only in the TSBD briefly (after 2:30) and only 8 stated that they left at times after 2:30 PM. Not only is there no mention of any "gathering," but the great majority of those who worked in the building had left by 2:30 PM. (L)
(155) WC Vol. 22, CE 1381, pp. 632-86.
(156) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993. Kent Biffle, "Reporter Recalls the Day Camelot Died in Dallas," Dallas Morning News, April 5, 1981.

My opinion - Apparently Posner depended on Biffle's report, and Biffle was wrong. This only helps to support a lone assassin theory, if there is some doubt that Oswald left the Depository, and I don't think there is.


50) Page 273. In Posner's haste to debunk a story about three tramps arrested in Dealey Plaza after the assassination, he commits one of his most comical errors. Harold Weisberg tells us about researcher David Keck's discovery that Posner said that one of the tramps was identified as "Buddy Harrelson." Somehow, Posner got the father of actor Woody Harrelson confused with another man named Harrelson. (157) Charles Harrelson is in jail for murder and once supposedly claimed he was a shooter on the Grassy Knoll. Buddy Harrelson is a former infielder with the New York Mets. (N)
(157) Harold Weisburg,Case Open: The Omissions,Distortions and Falsifications of Case Closed, NY, Carroll and Graf, 1994, pp.77-8.


51) Page 288. This is one of the few innocent mistakes that has nothing to do with who shot JFK. It's just another example of Posner getting people's names wrong. (158) He has Diana Bowron's name spelled as Bowren both in the text of his case closing "model of historical research," (159) and in the index on page 587. (160) (N)
(158) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(159) Case Closed, Steven Ambrose on back cover.
(160)Case Closed, p. 587.


52) Page 291. It's time for another example of Posner's talent for self-contradiction. In his effort to confuse the head wound issue he quotes Dr. Pepper Jenkins, of Parkland Hospital in Dallas, as claiming that Dr. Kemp Clark first examined the head wound when Jenkins suggested that they give up and declare JFK dead. Later he quotes Jenkins as saying "no one had time to examine the wounds." (161) This is obviously not true if you examine the Warren Commission testimony of the doctors who attended JFK at Parkland. Virtually all of the Dallas doctors did examine the head wound and were remarkably consistent in their description of it as being in the rear of the head. (162) Some of the doctors have changed their tunes in later years to support the lone assassin theory and Posner again violates his rule that "testimony closer to the event must be given greater weight than changes or additions made years later." (163) The occiput or occipital bone lies in the rear of the head and all of the Parkland doctors reported a large wound in this area. Dr. Kemp Clark stated that it was "in the right occiput" (164) Dr. Charles Carrico said, "a large gaping wound, located in the right occipitoparietal area." (165) Dr. Paul Peters described a "large defect" and placed it "in the right occipitoparietal area."(166) Dr. Charles Baxter said, "cerebellum was present." (167) Cerebellum is a part of the brain that is only found very low and in the rear of the head (not at the top where Posner wants you to think the wound was). Dr. Pepper Jenkins said "part of the cerebellum, as I recognized it, was herniated from the wound." (168) Dr. Malcolm Perry saw, "a large avulsive wound of the right parietal occipital area." (169) Dr. Robert McClelland (one of the few who has stood by his original description) said, "the right posterior portion of the skull had been extremely blasted." (170) (L)
(161)Case Closed, p. 309.
(162) Millicent Cranor, "The Wandering Wounds," The Fourth Decade, March, 1994.
(163) Case Closed, p. 235.
(164) WC Vol. 17, p. 10.
(165) WC Vol. 6, p. 6.
(166) WC Vol. 6, p. 71.
(167) WC Vol. 6, p. 41.
(168) WC Vol. 6, p. 48.
(169) WC Vol. 3, p. 371.
(170) WC Vol. 6, p. 33.

My opinion - The issue of the statements of the doctors is to long and confusing to get into here, but statements like the previous one that "virtually all of the Dallas doctors did examine the head wound " is extremely misleading. That head wound was a mess of blood and tissue and it was never cleaned up and thoroughly examined. None of the doctors attempted to perform any treatment on the head wound. As Posner points out, it is a doctor's job to try to save a patient, and the entire reason for an autopsy is to study wounds, and determine the exact cause of death. I agree with the general point that testimony taken closest to the actual event is usually best, but those doctors had the advantage of looking at the autopsy photos which would help refresh their memories. This of course wouldn't hold true if the autopsy photos were fake.

New information - Here is Marion Thomas Jenkins's WC Testimony, William Kemp Clark's WC Testimony, Charles James Carrico's WC Testimony 1, WC Testimony 2, Paul Conrad Peters's WC Testimony, , Charles Rufus Baxter's WC Testimony, Malcolm Oliver Perry's WC Testimony 1, WC Testimony 2, and Robert Nelson McClelland's WC Testimony


53) Page 294. The author states as fact that Darrell Tomlinson discovered "a 6.5 mm bullet" on a stretcher that Posner says was John Connally's in Parkland Hospital later in the day, after the assassination. Tomlinson's account of this discovery seems to describe a stretcher that could not have been Connally's as the one that held the "magic bullet." (171) A surprised Arlen Specter was unable to get Tomlinson to be helpful on this matter because he indicated that the bullet fell off of the stretcher that was already there (and not the one that had been recently taken from the nearby elevator). (172) And no one has ever explained how this bullet got underneath the mat of the stretcher after wiggling itself out of Connally's leg (without Connally's surgeon noticing). (173) (L)
(171) WC Vol. 6, pp. 130-1.
(172) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(173) WC Vol. 6, p. 130.

My opinion - Posner certainly did downplay Tomlinson's testimony about which stretcher that bullet fell from, but I have a simple question for all those who think that bullet was planted. At the time that bullet was found, the conspirators would have had no idea what all of the wounds were, or where all of the bullets that were actually fired had landed. How would they have known that finding a relative undamaged bullet at the hospital would have made any sense? For example, imagine the actual bullet had been retrieved from Connally's thigh during his surgery, there would have been no way to explain the planted bullet. The fact that a completely unexplained bullet that had been fired from Oswald's gun was found at the hospital would have been proof of an attempted frame up. From the other perspective, there was a wound in Connally's thigh that indicated that a bullet had entered there, but did not penetrate. If the bullet that Tomlinson found was not the bullet that created that wound, what did happen to that bullet?

New information - Here is Darrell C. Tomlinson's WC Testimony


54) Page 305n. Posner explains away the bullet holes in the clothing that are six inches below the top of his collar (which prove he was not shot in the back of the neck) by stating that JFK's coat and shirt were "bunched and riding up his back as a result of his waving to the crowd." Try this as an experiment and you will find it impossible to do. We now have proof that this did not happen in the form of a newly discovered film discovered by the Assassination Records Review Board. (174) This film taken from the car behind JFK's limousine shows no such bunching. Posner claims photos taken of the motorcade show the bunched-up shirt and jacket and conveniently, he gives no reference as an example. He also claims his back brace pushed his clothing up. This is questionable, as you will see in the discussion of the upcoming item that relates to pages 315-6. (L)
(174) Dave Powers film, National Archives.

My opinion - I would have to see all of the pictures to make any comment.

New Information - John Hunt, Jr. has examined the photographic evidence and concluded that Kennedy's coat was "bunched" allowing the Single Bullet alignment to work.


55) Page 310. Posner mentions the 1988 Nova special hosted by Walter Cronkite (who, by the way, has expressed contempt for "conspiracy theorists"). (175) The Parkland doctors were shown the autopsy photos and X rays. Posner says that "each confirmed the photos represented what they remembered." If you actually view that television program, you will see that the doctors were asked where the head wound was. They all pointed to the backs of their heads. (176) (L)
(175) Nova, "Who Shot President Kennedy?,"November 15, 1988.
(176) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.

My opinion - The quote from Posner is accurate and this statement is misleading. Before the doctors saw the autopsy photos the did say the back of the head, but after viewing the photos they confirmed there accuracy, and they made all kinds of excuses for their earlier statements.


56) Page 310n. Gerald Posner tells us that the Zapruder film shows "that there was no defect in the rear of the head." Martin Shackelford says that if you look at clear still frames of Z316 and Z317 you can see what appears to be cratering at the back of the head. (177) While this is perhaps inconclusive, it certainly does not eliminate the possibility of a large, rear wound. The Parkland doctors explained to Nova that the contradiction in their memories about the location of the head wound might be explained by a flap of skin that could have been pulled up to hide the large rear head wound. Posner debunks his own witnesses on this point by quoting from an interview of HSCA medical panelist, Dr. Michael Baden. Baden reportedly told Posner, "There is no flap of skin there." (178) (L)
(177) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique", The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(178) Gerald Posner interview with Dr. Michael Baden.

My opinion - I agree, these frames are inconclusive, but all you have to do is back up a few frames. In those frames you can the explosion of tissue from Kennedy's skull. You can debate about the exact position, but there is no doubt that it is not in the rear portion of the head. It certainly is not in a position that would cause the exposure of cerebellum. This film is extremely strong evidence that the doctors at Parkland were simply wrong in their original placement of the head wound.

New information - Here is Michael Baden's HSC Testimony


57) Pages 315-6. According to Posner, Kennedy's back brace was "preventing him from falling foreword" when he was struck by a bullet fired from behind. Secret Service agent William Greer (the limousine driver) cast doubt on this possibility back in 1964 when he described the back brace to the Warren Commission. Greer said that the brace was "a corset-type maybe six inches wide, he wore it down around his haunches, a little lower than his waist." He further described that it was constructed of "a soft, maybe a kind of corset-type material, maybe elastic or something like that support." (179) Dr. Charles Carrico, who helped in the efforts to save JFK when he was brought to Parkland hospital, also describes the brace. He said "it was white cotton or some type of fibrous support," said that it "buckled in the front" and that it came up to his navel area." (180) Another Parkland doctor, Dr. Paul Peters, stated that "it appeared similar to a corset." There was also another item that Peters described as "an elastic bandage wrapped around his pelvis at - in a sort of figure eight fashion." Dr. Peters stated that the purpose of this bandage was "additional support to stabilize his pelvis." (181) (L)
(179) WC Vol. 2, p. 125.
(180) WC Vol. 6, p. 4.
(181) WC Vol. 6, p. 70.

My opinion - Posner was only listing the back brace as only one small part of a possible reason that Kennedy did not fall foreword in response to a shot from the rear.

New information - Here is a photograph of JFK's back brace. The quote "preventing him from falling foreword" is taken completely out of context. Posner was discussing the neurologic reaction to a shot to the brain and how that would cause the body to stiffen with the stronger muscles of the back predominating. The entire quote from Posner is " They contract, lurching the body upward and to the rear. The President's back brace likely accentuated the movement, preventing him from falling forword."


58) Page 321. Occasionally Posner refers to mysterious new "enhancements" of the Zapruder film. He never really explains what he means by this, but he attempts to use this to prove parts of his case. He claims that these "enhancements" helped him deduce that a shot was fired around frame Z162. This is because he has noticed that 10-year-old Rosemary Willis stops running alongside the limousine and looks back toward the Texas School Book Depository just after Z162. Posner claims this is new when it was actually first discovered by David Lui back in the 70s. Lui noticed this when viewing a bad, bootleg copy of the film. (182) He even has the nerve to cite David Lui's article as a reference for a quote from Rosemary Willis later in his text. (183) (L)
(182) Harold Weisberg, Case Open: TheOmissions, Distortions and Falsifications of Case Closed, NY, Carroll and Graf, 1994, p. 11-14.
(183) David Lui, "The Little Girl Must Have Heard," The Dallas Times Herald, June 3, 1979.

My opinion - I'm amazed the author would bring this one up because it actually helps support Posner's case, when you report that someone else actually saw this without enhancing the film. Is attacking Posner for taking too much credit, the best you can do to refute this evidence?


59) Page 325. Posner claims to have interviewed witness James Tague on January 19 and 20, 1992. From this interview Posner has some shocking new information. Tague has changed his story and now says, "I can't tell you which one" when asked by Posner which shot hit the curb and caused a fragment of lead or concrete to nick his face. Then he also has Tague saying, "I could try to pick one, but through the years I have maintained accuracy. I don't know which one hit me." In fact, this new information pried out of him by Posner is not consistent with the story Tague has told through the years. (184) Posner won't quote Tague's original Warren Commission testimony because it disproves what he claims Tague said to him. Posner uses this misinformation as evidence to support his theory that Tague was actually hit by the first shot at Z162. Tague testified (to Warren Commission attorney Liebeler) that "I believe it was the second shot, so I heard the third shot afterwards." (185) He has never even hinted that it could have been the first shot. What is even more shocking about this story is the fact that Tague was contacted by at least three researchers on this point (Harold Weisberg, David Scheim and Dr. Gary Aguilar) and insisted that Posner had never spoken to him at all. (L)
(184) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(185) WC Vol. 7, p. 555.

My opinion - I think it is obvious that Tague is not sure which shot it was. I find it hard to believe that Posner, knowing that his book was going to be thoroughly torn apart by the conspiracy theorists, would just make up an interview.

New Information - Here is James Thomas Tague's WC Testimony. Posner has been accused of making up several interviews, and has produced his phone records as proof of these interviews. John McAdams posted an interesting verification of these records. Here is that post.


60) Page 326. Scrapings of lead from the curbstone hit by the bullet that caused James Tague's wound were, according to Posner, linked to one of Oswald's bullets. He claims FBI agent Shaneyfelt testified to the Warren Commission that the lead "came from the bullet's core." This is a classic Posner deception as noticed by Harold Weisberg. (186) Posner gives no citation for this, but what Shaneyfelt actually said was, "The lead could have originated from the lead core of a mutilated metal-jacketed bullet such as the type of bullet loaded into a 6.5-millimeter Manlicher Carcano cartridge, or from some other source having the same composition." (187) Shaneyfelt was unable to make a match with an Oswald bullet or fragment. It wasn't matched to Oswald's rifle at all. Shaneyfelt couldn't even state conclusively that it came from a Manlicher Carcano rifle or even from a 6.5 mm bullet. (L)
(186) Harold Weisberg, Case Open: The Omissions, Distortions and Falsifications of Case Closed, NY, Carroll and Graf, 1994, p. 151.
(187) WC Vol. 15, p. 700.

My opinion - I agree, Posner should have said that lead could have come from a bullet core.


61) Page 335. In Case Closed Posner makes use of 3D computer graphics studies that were developed for an American Bar Association limited mock trial of Lee Harvey Oswald for one of their conventions. (188) He does this without mentioning that there was another side of the case presented. He also seems to be implying that these 3D animations or "enhancements" (as he improperly describes them) were done for him. The prosecution had a firm by the name of Failure Analysis Associates construct a three dimensional model of Dealey Plaza. They projected a cone back to where the bullets might have originated. There was a problem with the accuracy of their projections. They were using data based on the single-bullet theory so the study was obviously biased. Gerald Posner took this inaccurate study one level further from reality by deleting a neighboring building from his illustration. A portion of The Dal-Tex Building was included in the three dimensional cone that was projected back from the wounds on the occupants in the limousine but it has disappeared from Posner's version of the graphic. (189) (L)
(188) American Bar Association, Mock Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald, August 10, 1992.
(189) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.

My opinion - This is just plain nit-picking, especially compared to all of the errors by omission in all of the pro-conspiracy literature that I have read. (Including this attack on Posner)

New Information - The author of this attack was asked on alt.assassination.jfk to furnish a quote from Case Closed that would support this accusation that Posner was implying that any of this work was done specifically for him, and no citation was offered. In fact in the bibliography Posner explicitly states that this work was done for the American Bar Association.


62) Page 344n. Posner claims the miniature Minox "spy camera" found in Oswald's belongings was actually Michael Paine's and says Paine verified this to him. He does this in a way that casually dismisses shocking and blatant FBI cover-up activities. He mentions that an FBI inventory listed it as a light meter. This is an expensive camera that was frequently used for espionage purposes. The FBI deleted this camera and replaced it with a benign item. They deleted lots of other things too and there is no way to casually dismiss such obvious evidence tampering by making an excuse later that it wasn't even Oswald's. The Minox camera underwent several remarkable transformations and an in-depth study of this and other FBI destruction and alteration of evidence has been done by John Armstrong. (190) (L)
(190) John Armstrong, "The FBI and the Framing of Oswald," The Probe, March-April, 1997.

My opinion - This is classic conspiracy garbage. This is the same crap that let O.J. get away with hacking up his ex-wife and an innocent bystander. Any member of the investigative group makes a mistake and it proves some grand conspiracy to frame the defendant. If the conspiracy theorists think this is true, follow up on this "obvious evidence tampering". What agent created this list? What is his explanation? Did he have a motive for wanting Kennedy dead? Maybe if the conspiracy theorists are lucky, the guy has died of a heart attack since then and they can add him to their list of mysterious deaths.

New information - I have written an article on this topic at http://jfkassassination.net/russ/minox.htm


63) Page 345n. Posner makes a false statement in relation to the fact that Lee Harvey Oswald's wife, Marina, does not believe the lone assassin theory and now feels he was a patsy. He says that she "has been bombarded by the critics for three decades." (191) Marina was under the influence (her husband describes it as under the control) of lone assassin author Priscilla McMillan for the first 14 or 15 years after the assassination. Marina did not interact with the Warren Commission critics until the late 70s when the book project (that McMillan had Marina wrapped up in for so long) was finally released. (192) (L)
(191) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(192) Priscilla McMillan, Marina and Lee, NY, Harper and Row, 1977.

My opinion - Even if Marina was working with McMillan, It doesn't prove that the critics didn't bombard her.


64) Page 346n. The author again accepts Marina's testimony on certain key points and then, later attacks her by falsely stating that she "joined" with British author Michael Eddowes, who believed that a "Soviet KGB agent was buried in Oswald's grave. Marina agreed to an exhumation, not with any belief in this improbable theory, but in an effort to prove him wrong. She was proven to be right when the body was positively identified as Lee Harvey Oswald. (193) Marina, who used to think her husband was the assassin, now feels there was a conspiracy. Posner, in linking Marina to Eddowes is trying to make Marina look like one of those nutty "conspiracy buffs" that Posner attacks so often in Case Closed. (194) (L)
(193) Detroit Free Press, August 15, 1980.
(194) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.

My opinion - I don't know what Marina's motive was, but she certainly could have told Eddowes to go jump in a lake when he suggested digging up her ex-husband. I don't think Posner thinks Marina is nutty. I think he probably feels sorry for the poor woman. Having to live with the constant harping of all the critics, it's not surprising she has finally given in to them.


65) Page 348. Posner uses former Dallas Assistant District Attorney Bill Alexander as a source (who he cites at least 16 times) but also describes how Alexander perpetrated a colossal fraud on the Warren Commission. Alexander tells Posner a story about how he made the supposedly phony claim that Oswald was an FBI informer with a symbol code of S-179. This was such a serious issue to the Warren Commission that Texas officials were brought in to Washington, DC to explain. The Warren Commission held a secret executive session to discuss this earth-shaking possibility. Alexander explains that he "never much liked the Federals" and he figured he'd "keep them out of the way by having to run down that phony story." One thing Posner relies on Alexander for is to downplay Jack Ruby's mob connections. (195) Alexander also declared in the early hours of the investigation that Oswald was a part of a communist conspiracy. (196) Why would Posner consider a character like this to be a reliable source of information on which to help him "close" the case? (197) The Warren Commission dealt with the issue of Oswald as a possible US intelligence operative by taking testimony from directors J. Edgar Hoover of the FBI (198) and John McCone of the CIA. (199) Both McCone and Hoover claimed that Oswald was not an agent of US intelligence. (L)
(195) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(196) Anthony Summers, Conspiracy, NY, McGraw-Hill, 1980, p. 434. William Manchester, The Death of a President, NY, Harper & Row, 1967, p 287.
(197) Peter Dale Scott, "A Review of Gerald Posner, Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK," Deep Politics II: Essays on Oswald, Skokie, Illinois, Green Archives Publications, 1995.
(198) WC Vol. 5, p. 105.
(199) WC Vol. 5, p. 120.

My opinion - What's amazing about this, is they use the very facts that Posner puts out about Alexander as a way of trashing Posner. Should Posner have hid this story about Alexander? At least Posner's readers can put Alexander's testimony in context.


66) Page 355. Posner takes the word of another discredited witness to debunk conspiratorial possibilities involving Jack Ruby. He accepts Tony Zoppi's explanation that Ruby was a "low-level loser," and therefore unimportant and unlikely to be trusted with involvement in any plot. Zoppi told the House Select Committee on Assassinations a story about how, in 1959, he was supposed to go with Ruby on one of Ruby's mysterious trips to Cuba to see the mobster associate Lewis McWillie. (200) Zoppi said he had to instead go to Las Vegas on an assignment as entertainment reporter for the Dallas Morning News. Ruby went on to Cuba and Zoppi said he went to Vegas to see Frank Sinatra. When confronted with the fact that Sinatra was not performing in Vegas on that date, Zoppi retracted the false story. (201) His testimony was considered suspect by the HSCA but he qualifies as a source of information for Gerald Posner to "close" the case. (202) (L)
(200) HSCA Vol. 5, p. 170, Vol. 9, pp. 164-9.
(201) Robert Blakey and Richard Billings, The Plot to Kill the President, NY, Times Books, 1981, p. 300.
(202) Peter Dale Scott, "A Review of Gerald Posner, Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK," Deep Politics II: Essays on Oswald, Skokie, Illinois, Green Archives Publications, 1995.

My opinion - Again, how quick we use the term discredited. Let me ask a simple question, Will anybody who is able to testify about Ruby's mob connections, on either side, have much credibility?

New information - Here is the HSC report concerning Ruby's trips to Cuba which discusses Zoppi's statements. Zoppi was trying to remember events that had happened years before, and it is not suprising that his memory was faulty. Almost every person who knew Ruby personally described him in terms similar to "low-level loser" just like Zoppi.


67) Page 361. Again Posner relies on Zoppi to debunk Ruby's gangster connections. (203) He quotes Zoppi responding to the idea of a Ruby-mob link with the statement that, "It is so ludicrous to believe Ruby was part of the mob." He says Ruby was a "snitch" and that "he couldn't keep a secret" as proof of Ruby's untrustworthiness. Posner, of course, makes no mention of Zoppi's own links with mob-related casinos and his admitted lies during sworn testimony to the House Select Committee on Assassinations. (204) It seems that just about any witness that supplies Posner with what he needs to hear is good enough despite many of his sources' demonstrable lack of reliability. (205) (L)
(203) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993. (204) HSCA Vol. 5, p. 171, Vol. 9, pp. 167-8.
(205) Peter Dale Scott, Deep Politics and the Death of JFK, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1993, p.199.

My opinion - Same as the previous opinion.


68) Page 368n. Posner will stop at nothing to debunk Ruby's mob ties. On one hand he admits Ruby ate dinner the night before the assassination at Dallas Mafia figure Joseph Campisi's Egyptian Lounge. On the other hand Posner says that "Campisi did not see Ruby that night." (206) Where does the "proof" of this categorical statement originate? It is from Dallas Mafiosi Joseph Campisi's account given to the House Select Committee on Assassinations. (207) This is a man that (the HSCA determined) had attended Ruby's funeral and even visited him when he was in jail after Ruby's murder of Oswald. (208) Campisi was no small-time hoodlum. He was the number two mobster in the city behind the big boss, Joseph Civello. Campisi is typical of the quality of Posner's sources upon whom he relies to convict Oswald. (L)
(206) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(207) HSCA Vol. 9, pp. 335-417.
(208) Robert Blakey and Richard Billings, The Plot to Kill the President, NY, Times Books, 1981, p.335.

My opinion - more of the same

New Information - Here is Joseph Campisi's HSC testimony Once again, where is the error here. Other than slamming Campisi's reputation, the author gives not one bit of evidence to contradict his sworn testimony.


69) Page 372. Researcher Frank Perri discovered that Posner incorrectly quotes a statement attributed to John Newnam from Jack Ruby. John Newnam worked in the Dallas Morning News advertising department and allegedly saw Ruby at the newspaper's offices soon after the assassination. Newnam's name is commonly misspelled as Newman in assassination literature. (209) Posner, who misspells many names in his error-ridden book, also gets Newnam's name consistently wrong. (210) Posner says Ruby told Newnam, " John, I will leave Dallas. John, I am not opening tonight." Posner took some liberties in quoting what Ruby says Newnam said. He left out what may be a key word in the first sentence and omitted quite a bit of interesting information between the first and second sentences of the "quote." The full and accurate quote from Ruby's testimony is, "And I said, 'John, I will have to leave Dallas.' I don't know why I said that, but it is a funny reaction that you feel; the city is terribly let down by the tragedy that happened. And I said, 'John, I am not opening up tonight.' " (211) Posner put his truncated version of Ruby's statement in quotes, as if it is verbatim. I would guess that Posner probably omits the word "have" because it could be interpreted to mean he will be forced to get out of town for some reason (perhaps related to conspiracy). The inference one takes from Posner's altered version is that Ruby just wants to leave town (maybe relating to shame or disgust at what happened in Dallas). Posner also leaves out Ruby's excuse for saying he "will have to leave Dallas" by describing it as a "funny reaction." It is impossible to be certain why Posner edits Ruby's testimony in this manner, but it is indicative of his tendency to play fast and loose with quotations, almost as if he were composing a historical novel. (L)
(209) WC Vol. 15, pp. 534-46, Vol. 25, p. 189.
(210) Case Closed, pp. 366, 371, 372, 373, 599.
(211) WC Vol. 5, 185.

My opinion - Posner will have to speak for himself about what his motives were for this misquote


70) Page 373. Posner admits that the Warren Commission was mistaken in taking Jack Ruby's word over reporter Seth Kantor's about Ruby visiting Parkland Hospital in Dallas just after the assassination. Posner then incorrectly states that "no one saw him except Kantor" and claims another witness, Wilma Tice, is unsure about also seeing Ruby at Parkland. (212) She was much more certain about this than Posner suggests. (213) The Warren Commission attorney that cast doubt on her story, Burt Griffin, (214) later wrote to Kantor (after reading Kantor's book) (215) and told him in the letter that he now believed him about Ruby being there. The House Select Committee on Assassinations also felt Ruby was there. Why does Posner feel the need to discredit the corroborating witness while accepting the primary one? Posner may also be unaware of another reporter named Roy Stamp who also knew Ruby and saw him at Parkland that day. (216) (N)
(212) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(213) WC Vol. 15, pp. 285-7, pp. 388-96, 374.
(214) WC Vol. 15, p. 391.
(215) Seth Kantor, Who was Jack Ruby?, NY, Everest House, 1978.
(216) Video of Roy Stamp speaking to Jim Marrs class on the JFK assassination.


71) Page 407. Posner is often a bit too quick to accept questionable information from whatever source when he needs to prove something. He cites Edward Jay Epstein as a source for saying that the Warren Commission staff attorneys were never turned down when they asked to see witnesses (out of over 400 requests). (217) This sweeping statement misrepresents the occasional problems that the Warren Commission attorneys faced when trying to get access to information. Epstein cites as his sources for this statement, interviews with Warren Commission lawyers Rankin, Willens, Liebeler and Redlich. (218) In fact Warren Commission attorney Burt Griffin has said that the staff was isolated from contact with the Commissioners. Even Posner gives us a quote from Griffin about this. He says Griffin told him that J. Lee Rankin (who was the liaison between the attorneys and the actual members of the Commission) "operated with his door always closed" to the other staff attorneys. (219) Perhaps the most disturbing example of access to a witness being denied to the attorneys is found in the jail house interview of Jack Ruby. (220) The lawyers in charge of looking into the Jack Ruby area (Leon Hubert and Burt Griffin) were excluded from the interview. (221) Griffin is bitter about this and also about the lack of cooperation from federal agencies such as the CIA and FBI (L)


(217) Edward Jay Epstein, Inquest: The Warren Commission and the Establishment of Truth, NY, Viking, 1966, pp. 71-2.
(218) Edward Jay Epstein, Inquest: The Warren Commission and the Establishment ofTruth, NY, Viking, 1966, p. 212, note 22.
(219) Case Closed, p. 409.
(220) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique, The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(221) John Davis, The Kennedy Contract: The Mafia Plot to Assassinate the President, NY, Harper, 1993. pp. 144-6.

My opinion - If Posner both sites Epstein as his source concerning access, and also reports contradictions by Griffin, wouldn't that tend to lend support to Posner's credibility?


72) Page 410. Here we have yet another typographical error in this book that is so highly praised for Posner's "outstanding job of research." (222) It is the kind of error so rarely found in scholarly works released by major publishers. When referring to one of the doctors who performed the autopsy on JFK the evening of the assassination, Posner calls him Dr. "Hume" instead of Dr. Humes. (N)
(222) Case Closed, Steven Ambrose on back cover.


73) Page 410. Posner concedes that the "magic" or "single-bullet theory" was not proven by the Warren Commission. Even Posner characterizes their conclusions as "an attempt to create a scenario to fit the facts as the Commission determined them." Posner claims that technological advancements "now confirm that the theory is correct." (223) For this proof he cites Neutron Activation Analysis studies and photographic and computer techniques. Posner claims Vincent Guinn used Neutron Activation Analysis to prove the fragments of bullet found in Connally's wrist came from the magic bullet. (224) Posner does not tell you that Guinn was clear in saying that his NAA studies did not prove the single-bullet theory. (225) Strike one for Posner's technological advancements. It is uncertain what Posner is talking about in the area of photographic advancements, but perhaps he is referring to his mysterious and unexplained "enhancements" of the Zapruder film that supposedly helped Posner discover that a little girl turned in response to a shot around frame Z162. (226) He never describes what kind of "enhancements" these are, but seems to indicate they are new and were done for him. Strike two on Posner's technological advancements. When Posner talks about computer techniques, he must be referring to the Failure Analysis Associates' 3D animation work. He also gives the readers the impression that this work was done for him. (227) As you may recall these 3D studies were done from a prosecutorial standpoint and relied on data that is derived from assumptions relating to the single-bullet theory. (228) Strike three and Posner is out on his new technological advancements allowing Posner to "confirm" the single-bullet theory. (L)
(223) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(224)Case Closed, pp. 341-2.
(225) HSCA Vol. 1, p. 500.
(226) See item 58, and p. 321 of Case Closed.
(227) See item 61, and p. 335 of Case Closed.
(228) Harold Weisberg,Case Open: The Omissions,Distortions and Falsification of Case Closed, NY, Carroll and Graf, 1994, p. 85.

My opinion - Of course no one piece of evidence can prove anything, but these new techniques certainly have given scientific evidence to support the theory. The Neutron Activation Analysis was critical in supporting the single bullet theory. That analysis could have proved beyond any doubt that the bullet found at Parkland was not the bullet that passed through Connally's wrist, but instead it proved to a high degree of certainty that it was. Photo enhancements are not at all mysterious, and if it is true that the enhancements shows a bulge in Connally's jacket at the exact moment that Posner claims he was shot, it certainly is important evidence. As far as the 3D animation goes, while it can't prove the single bullet theory, it certainly proves that it was possible, something the critics would never have admitted in the past.

New information - Here is a Vincent Guinn's HSC testimony.


74) Page 414. Some of Posner's errors are just sloppy work on his part. Posner says, "Harold Weisberg published the first in-depth attack on the Warren Report" in 1966. (229) Whitewash was published in 1965, as Posner should know from his own bibliography (230) and from the endnote following his mention of the incorrect year. (231) He also quotes from Professor Robert Blakey as saying Weisberg's logic makes "complex issues confusing." (232) Weisberg, unlike Posner, does not generate confusion deliberately. (L)
(229)Harold Weisberg, Whitewash: The Report on the Warren Report, Frederick, MD, self-published, 1965.
(230) Case Closed, p. 583.
(231) Case Closed, note 25, p. 571.
(232) Robert Blakey and Richard Billings, The Plot to Kill the President, NY, Times Books, 1981, p.41.

My opinion - How does this mistaken date make Posner's book more biased towards a lone assassin?


75) Page 415. Posner claims that "A rash of books appeared on the heels of Lane's success." Posner was referring to other "buffs" who wanted to capitalize on the assassination because they saw how Lane's 1966 book on the JFK assassination, Rush to Judgment, was such a hit. (233) Posner blunders and lists one author, Leo Sauvage as falling into this imaginary category without knowing that a European edition of Sauvage's book was released the year before Lane's. (234) Posner ignores the book by Pulitzer Prize winning author Sylvan Fox that preceded Lane's book. (235) Posner was nominated for this award himself for Case Closed (those who select candidates for this award should see this list of Posner's errors so they don't make that mistake in the future). In Mark Lane's second book on the assassination of JFK, he gives the release date for Rush to Judgment as being August 15, 1966. (236) Another of the books that Posner lists as appearing after Lane's book actually came out in May 1966.(237) Posner lists two other authors in this "rash of books," but he probably doesn't know they were both working on their books before Lane's was released. (238) (L)
(233) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(234) Leo Sauvage, The Oswald Affair, Paris, France, Les Editions de Minuit, 1965.
(235) Sylvan Fox, The Unanswered Questions about President Kennedy'sAssassination, NY, Award Books, 1965.
(236) Mark Lane, Citizen's Dissent: Mark Lane Replies, NY, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968, p. 47.
(237) Penn Jones, Forgive My Grief, Midlothian, TX, self-published, 1966.
(238) Richard Popkin, The Second Oswald, NY, Avon Books, 1966. Ray Marcus, The Bastard Bullet: The Search for Legitimacy for CommissionExhibit 399, Los Angeles, CA, self-published, 1966.

My opinion - I didn't see anything in Posner's book about capitalizing on Lane's success, all I read was a list of books that came out just after Lane's. Posner did not claim that these books were somehow rushed out after Lane's, and I don't understand how the above errors reveal a lone assassin bias


76) Page 416. Posner occasionally over-simplifies in order to misrepresent, choosing to avoid contradictory information rather than meeting it head-on. An example of this is found in his casual dismissal of an FBI report that stated that the back wound in JFK "only penetrated a short distance and did not exit." He says the House Select Committee on Assassinations "confirmed that the FBI report was simply mistaken" about this key issue (which disproves the single-bullet theory). The FBI actually said in the report that the hole in the President's back was located "six inches below the top of his collar" and that it "entered his back" and "penetrated to a distance of less than a finger length." (239) On what did the FBI base this supposed mistake? The reports of the FBI's two agents who witnessed the autopsy (James Sibert and Francis O'Neill) were very clear in stating that the wound was probed by the autopsy doctors and that it had no exit. Corroboration for this conclusion comes from the testimony of the Secret Service agent who was in charge of Presidential security on the Dallas trip. Roy H. Kellerman confirms the FBI conclusion in his testimony to the Warren Commission on March 9, 1964. Kellerman stated that he asked one of the autopsy doctors, Colonel Pierre Finck about what he was finding as he was "probing inside the shoulder with his instrument." Finck stated to Kellerman that "There are no lanes for an outlet of this entry in this man's shoulder." (240) (L)
(239) FBI Supplemental Report, Appendix B, p. 2, reproduced in: Edward Jay Epstein, Inquest: The Warren Commission and the Establishment of Truth, NY, Viking, 1966.
(240) WC Vol. 2, p. 93.

My opinion - I can't understand why now all of a sudden we are supposed to accept at face value what the FBI reports. You accuse Posner of oversimplification, when the entire attack on the autopsy is an oversimplification. Somehow we are suppose to give more weight to the observations of two FBI witnesses to portions of the autopsy than the final report of the doctor who oversaw the entire autopsy. Anybody who has a remote familiarity with the case, knows that the autopsy doctor was originally confused about the back wound because he was unaware that the tracheotomy performed at Parkland had removed the signs of a wound in Kennedy's neck. Also, as far as oversimplification goes, Posner had written earlier in the book many more observations about the autopsy. For example, he reported on page 304 of the book that a medical panel of the appointed by attorney general Ramsey Clark, The Rockefeller Commission, and the medical panel of the House Select Committee, all reaffirmed the general findings of the original autopsy doctors.


77) Page 418n. Abraham Zapruder, according to Posner, sold the rights to the Zapruder film of the assassination to Life magazine "for a reported $250,000.00." The person who purchased the film for Life, Richard Stolley, has stated that the correct amount that was paid was $150,000.00. (241) He also fails to mention that it was sold back to the Zapruder family for one dollar and they have capitalized on it ever since. (242) (N)
(241) Richard Stolley, Entertainment Weekly, Jan. 17, 1992.
(242) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.


78) Page 419. Sylvia Meagher is one of Posner's favorite targets as one of the "conspiracy buffs" that he must prove to be greedy, crazy or incompetent in his effort to discredit them. It is a testimony to her accuracy that Posner fails in every attempt (because his attacks have no basis in reality). He criticizes her outstanding index to the Warren Commission volumes by calling it biased towards Oswald's innocence. He claims that he made one himself that has many more references to Oswald's potential for violence. (243) Considering Posner's own questionable journalistic integrity (exemplified by this list of errors), I have my doubts that his "new card index" even exists. If it does, I would hazard a guess that it is far more biased than Meagher's. As Harold Weisberg points out, it seems Posner is trying to minimize the colossal undertaking involved in indexing the 26 volumes by incorrectly stating that they contain "more than one million words." The actual, official estimate of the amount of words contained in the volumes is ten million. (244) It would seem unlikely that Posner would have had the time to read and index this mass of words in the time that he spent creating Case Closed. If he has done this, then there is no excuse for his apparent ignorance of their content. (L)
(243) Case Closed, p. 419n.
(244) Harold Weisberg, Case Open: The Omissions, Distortions and Falsifications of Case Closed, NY, Carroll and Graf, 1994, p. 32.

My opinion - Of Course Meagher's index is biased, and so is Posner's, but your willingness to just accuse Posner of making up his index without any proof is typical of the accusations made by many of the critics.


79) Page 422. One more example of Posner's inaccuracy is found in his statement as to when the Jim Garrison investigation into the murder of JFK began. He states that it "started in July 1966" but gives no reference for this date. The investigation became public in February of 1967. (245) Perhaps Posner means the time when Garrison first considered re-opening the investigation of David Ferrie (that he initiated back in 1963). The FBI questioned and then released Ferrie in late 1963 and Garrison dropped his investigation at that time, thinking that this was the end of the matter. If you check Garrison's 1988 book (246) you will see that, as of "late 1966," Garrison still felt the conspiracy theories "were so much speculation." It wasn't until he spoke with United States Senator Russell Long "one day that autumn" that he again began to consider conspiratorial possibilities. According to Garrison, Senator Long told him, "Those fellows on the Warren Commission were dead wrong." (N)
(245) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(246) Jim Garrison, On the Trail of the Assassins, NY, Sheridan Square Press, 1988, p. 13.


80) Page 426. Posner echoes the old Garrison smear that Garrison had a "special relationship with Carlos Marcello," the powerful New Orleans mob kingpin. Are we to infer by this that Garrison was a mob associate or is Garrison actually some kind of a gangster himself? The failure of this line of thought becomes evident when you consider the first subject of Garrison's investigation was a man (David Ferrie) who was closely associated with Marcello. (247) Ferrie worked as an investigator for Marcello on his legal defense staff and may have acted, at times, as Marcello's personal pilot. You have to wonder about the self-defeating logic employed by Posner on this issue. (L)
(247) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.

My opinion - It is true that Ferrie had ties to Marcello, and as I recall, Garrison never made any effort to try to bring the mob into his prosecution of Shaw. Considering Garrisons zeal to solve the case, and considering Ferrie's and Ruby's known association with mob figures, that lack of interest in itself, should elicit some suspicion on Garrison's relationship with the mob.


81) Page 431. In his prosecution of Clay Shaw for the JFK assassination in the late 60s, Garrison made so many tactical errors and sometimes was fed inaccurate information. Posner is no slouch in this department either. In his machine gun-like barrage of anti-Garrison shots he makes similar and equally shocking mistakes. Posner claims that Garrison was about to swear out a warrant for a man named Robert Perrin but found out the night before (supposedly from Harold Weisberg) that Perrin had died in 1962. (248) This was common knowledge to anyone who had read the testimony of Perrin's wife, Nancy Perrin Rich. (249) The fact is that Posner failed to explain that Garrison was under the impression at the time that Perrin had faked his death and was still alive. But, for the sake of argument let's assume that at some Garrison came to believe that Perrin was actually dead. While Garrison may have been in error in thinking this man was alive and could be brought in as a witness against Clay Shaw for the murder of JFK, Posner does him one better. Posner states that Garrison considered that one Manuel Garcia Gonzales was "one of the assassins in Dealey Plaza." Posner then smugly states, "There was no such person." It turns out that there is a good chance that this person really does did exist. (250) A picture of Gonzales was published in the assassination literature in 1976. (251) (L)
(248) Case Closed, p. 448n.
(249) WC Vol. 14, p. 364.
(250)Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(251) Gary Shaw with Larry Harris, Cover-up, Clebourne, TX, self-published, 1976, p. 164.

My opinion -So Perrin really was dead, and Garrison did want to swear out a warrant. What part of the story did Posner get wrong? As far a Gonzales existing, If you can only claim there is a good chance that he exists, and your proof is a picture, I would like to know what the picture shows. A man holding up a sign saying I'm Manual Garcia Gonzales, and I killed President Kennedy.

New information - The name Gonzales was first brought to Garrison's attention by Dean Andrews. Andrews claims he made the name up to see if Garrison was on the level. Since Andrews is the only person who tied Gonzales to the assassination, and he says there is no such person as Gonzales, there is no way you can provide a picture of the same Gonzales that Andrews was speaking of.


82) Page 438. Several reporters covering the Garrison trial of Clay Shaw in the late 60s seemed to be more interested in actively discrediting Garrison than in sitting back and simply watching him succeed or fail on his own. Files released in recent years suggest that some of these journalists were collaborating with the US intelligence agencies in their efforts to "counter" Garrison's efforts. Posner relies on them heavily as sources for his anti-Garrison information. Posner gives no source when he talks about "numerous stories in New Orleans about Garrison being homosexual." Posner refers to a "prominent New Orleans attorney" who "told" Posner that Jim Garrison "tried to sexually molest" the attorney's brother in 1968. (252) He also mentions a "February 1970 column" by Jack Anderson as further "corroboration." (253) It seems we are treated to more of Posner's self-defeating logic when he quotes James Phelan quoting Garrison saying that the assassination "was a homosexual thrill killing" on one hand (254) and then repeating an unsubstantiated rumor that Garrison molested a thirteen year old boy in 1968. (L)
(252) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(253) Jack Anderson's Merry-Go-Round column. The Washington Post, Feb. 23, 1970. Reprinted in: James Kirkwood, American Grotesque, NY, Simon & Schuster, 1970, p. 652.
(254) James Phelan, Scandals, Scamps, and Scoundrels, NY, Random House, 1982, p. 150.

My opinion - Jim Phelan seemed to be Posner's biggest source, and I don't know if this accusation about journalists includes Phelan. In general, it is not unheard of for molesters to publicly attack other people's sexuality. As far as the molestation goes, I can understand why Posner would keep secret the name of someone who was molested as a child.


83) Page 446n. Posner says that Garrison claimed that a woman named Rose Cheramie, who died in 1965, predicted the assassination. Posner tells the readers that Cheramie "actually told the story after the assassination." This is supposedly another myth generated by Garrison, who was heavily influenced by "the buffs." (255) The reality of the situation is that Posner's source, Dr. Victor Weiss told the House Select Committee on Assassinations that a Dr. Bowers told Weiss that this woman did warn of the event before it occurred. (256) Posner states correctly (but deceptively) that Dr. Weiss himself did not hear her speak of this until after the assassination. (257) Unfortunately for Posner, police Lieutenant Francis Fruge corroborated Dr. Bowers' story and said that he was given this same warning by Cheramie two days before the assassination. (258) (L)
(255) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(256) Gary Aguilar, "Letter to the Editor of the Federal Bar News and Journal," Federal Bar News and Journal, 1994.
(257) HSCA Vol. 10, pp. 199-205.
(258) Anthony Summers, Conspiracy, NY, McGraw-Hill, 1980, pp. 576-7.

My opinion - As far as I know Bowers' never testified that he himself heard Cheramie speak of the assassination, so any story about him is based on hearsay. Fruge's story is interesting. He claims she told him she was going to Dallas to pick up money, get her child, and kill Kennedy. This would be a very strange admission to make to a police officer. It is also interesting that Fruge did nothing too follow up on this threat, until after Kennedy was killed. Rose Cheramie was a heroin addict who was suffering through withdrawals when she spoke to Fruge. She also had a history of supplying false stories to the authorities. Cheramie also claimed that Oswald and Ruby were shacking up for years. A statement that is not supported by any other person who knew either Oswald or Ruby. It is my personal opinion that Fruge's testimony should also be taken with a grain of salt. He worked for Garrison, and there is quite a bit of evidence that Garrison's investigators were leading witnesses and creating stories by twisting the truth. (This isn't only the opinion of the lone nutter's, some of the conspiracy people agree with this.)


84) Page 450. Quoting from James Phelan's book, Posner claims Garrison knew that one of his witnesses, Charles Spiesel, was unstable and put him on the stand anyway, over his staff's objections. I can't say conclusively that Posner is wrong about this but the source is questionable. (259) He relies on Phelan (a veteran Garrison-basher), who claims that Clay Shaw and an anonymous "Garrison aide" are the originators of this information. (260) Without more convincing evidence of the truthfulness of this attack, it is best to consider this information unreliable. (L)
(259) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique, The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(260) James Phelan, Scandals, Scamps, and Scoundrels, NY, Random House, 1982, p. 174.

My opinion - I am not familiar with Phelan's work. According to this statement we are suppose to dismiss the statement because Phelan is a veteran Garrison-Basher. Does this hold true for Mark Lane, because he is a veteran Warren Commission basher?


85) Page 454. When Posner misspells someone's name he usually gets it wrong everywhere it appears in Case Closed. Santos Trafficante is spelled as Santo on pages 360, 454, 458, 459 and 605. Sometimes Posner shows remarkable consistency in his errors. (261) (N)
(261) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.


86) Page 460. We have another Case Closed spelling error. Posner has special problems with Italian first names. We saw in the previous example how he turned Santos into Santo. Now we see he has a tough time with the name Carlo. It has been transformed to an English version and appears as Carl when he refers to Carlo Roppolo. (262) (N)
(262) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.


87) Page 460. Can we find a worse witness than one of Carlos Marcello's long-time personal friends? (263) It seems he's good enough for Gerald Posner. Posner uses him to disprove the story of the New Orleans mob chieftain, Carlos Marcello making a threat to kill JFK in the summer of 1962. It seems Posner is more likely to take the word of a mob associate, Carlo "Carl" Roppolo, than an undercover FBI informant by the name of Edward Becker. (264) The House Select Committee on Assassinations received testimony about Becker's credibility. An FBI agent testified to the Committee that Becker worked for him as an informant and described Becker as being "honest." (265) (L)
(263) John Davis, Mafia Kingfish, NY, Signet, 1989, p. 119.
(264) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(265) HSCA Vol. 9, p. 83.

My opinion - The committee actually found Becker " had a questionable reputation for honesty and may not be a credible source of information." Once again, not surprisingly, anybody who has dealings with Marcello, on either side, is unlikely to have much credibility.

New information - Here is the HSC Report on Carlos Marcello, including Becker's accusation.


88) Page 460. The third error on this page involves Posner's statement that Ed Becker was approaching Marcello to try to interest him in "distributing an oil additive he had invented." (266) Becker was trying to obtain financing for Carlo Roppolo. Roppolo was actually the one who had developed the oil additive. (267) It was during a meeting to make this pitch that Marcello allegedly went on a murderous verbal tirade against both John and Robert Kennedy. (268) (L)
(266) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(267) John Davis, Mafia Kingfish, NY, Signet, 1989, p. 119.
(268) Ed Reid, The Grim Reapers, NY, Bantam, 1969, 1970, pp. 161-2.

My opinion - I don't know who the inventor was, but isn't Roppolo the guy who was Marcello's long time personal friend? The man who is not to be believed. Why would he need Becker to get Marcello to help him out?


89) Page 468n. Posner talks about a film that he describes as having been "inspired by the assassination." According to Posner, in the movie Winter Kills, "the slain President's brother discovers the Mafia was responsible for the assassination." (269) In the film, and also in the book, the culprit (who confesses to the President's brother) was the President's father. (270) (N)
(269) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(270) Richard Condon, WinterKills, NY, The Dial Press, 1974.


90) Page 469. We have seen so many examples of Posner's inability to even get people's names right, let alone the circumstances relating to the mentioned persons. This time he goes beyond misspelling and gives this person an entirely new first name. University of Wisconsin Professor David Wrone becomes Richard Wrone. (271) (N)
(271) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.


91) Page 473. In Posner's deceptive adoption of 3D animation work done by the prosecution for a limited mock trial of Lee Harvey Oswald, Posner states that "the source of the shots can be determined with precision." This is completely false because the animation was constructed with data based on key assumptions of the single bullet theory. Both Harold Weisberg and Martin Shackelford pointed out that this 3D animation is a case of "garbage in and garbage out." (272) (L)
(272) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993. Harold Weisberg, Case Open: The Omissions, Distortions and Falsifications of Case Closed, NY, Carroll and Graf, 1994, p. 85

My opinion - I agree. Claiming that the location can be determined with precision is an overstatement. In fact the analysis itself only gives a large cone as the possible location of the source of the shots.


92) Page 477. We have already discussed the omission, by Posner, of a neighboring building from his illustration based on the Failure Analysis Associates 3D animation study for the American Bar Association. Clarifying the earlier implication that this was done for him was one of the few changes included in the paperback version of Case Closed that came out the year following the hardcover version. (273) In Posner's graphic of the Texas School Book Depository we see a depiction of the alleged assassin's window that has it half open. (274) In fact, Posner's own graphic on a different page shows a somewhat more accurate depiction of the window being approximately one third open. (275) There were also many other windows that were open that day on that side of the building. This can be seen in a photo taken by Tom Dillard just after the shots were fired. (276) The Warren Commission determined that the window was about one quarter open, as seen in Commission Exhibits 1310-2. (277) (L)
(273) Martin Shackelford, "What a (small) Difference a Year Makes: The "Corrected" Paperback Version of Case Closed: A Follow-up by Martin Shackelford," The Investigator, August-September, 1994.
(274) Case Closed, pp. 477-8.
(275) Case Closed, p. 475.
(276) WC Vol. 19, p. 564.
(277) WC Vol. 22, pp. 484-5.

My opinion - Once again, this is nitpicking. Posner obviously isn't implying all of the windows were closed with this drawing. As a matter of fact it is vital to his case, that some of the other windows were open, because it helps increase the credibility of his key witnesses on the fifth floor directly below Oswald.


93) Page 478. In Posner's close-up illustration of his version of the single-bullet theory we see a graphic representation of Posner's claim that the bullet grazed one of JFK's vertebra in his neck and slightly splintered the bone. Here is another example of Posner using a source for one thing and totally ignoring the same source for another. (278) What Posner doesn't say, of course, is that the Ramsay Clark medical panel in 1968 (that Posner relies so heavily upon to prove a high head entrance wound) concluded from their extensive study of the X rays that there was "no evidence of fracture of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae." (279) (L)
(278) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(279) "Panel Review of Photographs, X ray Films, Documents and other Evidence Pertaining to the Fatal Wounding of President John F. Kennedy, November 22, 1963, in Dallas Texas," (Clark Panel Report), 1968.

My opinion - The term "grazed one of JFK's vertebra" is incorrect, because on page 328 Posner specifically said that the bullet passing close to the spine could shock and traumatize the spinal cord. The first person to notice this trauma was Dr. John Lattimer, in 1970. Two years after the Ramsay panel. The damage was so small; it is not surprising that the Ramsay panel missed it. By the way, this is a mistake that hurts the single bullet theory, so should we take that as proof that the Ramsay panel was somehow part of a conspiracy to get Oswald off, or can we just accept the fact that people make mistakes?


94) Page 479. On Posner's John Connally section of his illustration of his version of the single-bullet theory we see a notation for an entry wound in Connally's back being 1 3/4 inches long. Testimony by Connally's attending thoracic surgeon, Dr. Robert Shaw, puts the size of the wound at "a centimeter and a half at its greatest diameter." (280) Perhaps Posner thinks Shaw is incompetent, since Shaw failed to notice the magic bullet jumping out of Connally's leg and making its own way underneath the mat of the stretcher (that was never proven to be Connally's stretcher by the Warren Commission). For those unable to convert metric measurements into inches, one and one half centimeters is just slightly more than half of an inch and nowhere near the size shown in Posner's illustration. (281) (L)
(280) WC Vol. 4, p. 104.
(281) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.

My opinion - Like I said, maybe people make mistakes. This should be easy enough to verify by measuring the scar on Connally. I can't believe that is Posner is wrong about this, the only evidence you have to support it is the testimony of Shaw


95) Page 485. We have seen how Posner has great difficulty spelling names correctly in earlier provided examples. But can he count? In attempting to debunk Jim Marrs' list of one hundred or so convenient deaths, Posner makes a few errors in his evaluation of the deaths. (282) We see Posner's statement that "51 of Marrs' witnesses did not die until the 1970s, well over a decade after the assassination." Hasn't Posner overlooked the ones that died in the period of January 1, 1970 through November 22, 1973? (283) It is possible that this is a typographical error and what he really meant to say was "the decade," instead of "well over a decade." (N)
(282) Jim Marrs, Crossfire, NY, Carroll & Graf, 1989, 1990, pp. 555-66.
(283) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.


96) Page 486. Posner has more name trouble when he misspells the name of Life magazine reporter Paul Mandel as Paul Mandal. (284) Posner credits "Mandal" with writing "a single article on the assassination." Mandel is actually notorious for a rather incredible error in his description of the shot hitting JFK in the front of the throat. Mandel describes this frontal neck shot as supposedly coming from the Texas School Book Depository. This mistake is very similar to when Dan Rather described the Zapruder film JFK head snap as going foreword instead of backwards. Mandel describes JFK turning back to look at the Depository and receiving the bullet from our lone assassin as he was turned around. (285) The trouble with this scenario is that it is a complete fantasy, as can be seen from viewing the film. (286) Perhaps Mandel assumed that the Zapruder film would never be seen by the general public because, by that time, Life had purchased and hidden the film away from public view. (N)
(284) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(285) Paul Mandel, "End to Nagging Rumors: The Six Critical Seconds," Life, December, 6, 1963.
(286) Abraham Zapruder film, National Archives.


97) Page 488. As proof for his readers that Abraham Zapruder's death was not mysterious, Posner claims Zapruder "was not involved in the investigation." Zapruder's film was, arguably, one of the most important pieces of evidence in all of the investigations that followed the assassination. (287) He gave important testimony about the taking of the film to the Warren Commission and his film was the basis for many of their conclusions. (288) Zapruder is also frequently cited as a witness to shots from the Grassy Knoll. Zapruder, in his testimony to the Warren Commission, thought the shots came from behind him, but, because of echo, was not absolutely certain where they originated. (289) (L)
(287) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.
(288) WC Vol. 7, pp. 569-76.
(289) WC Vol. 7, p. 572.

My opinion - Of course the Zapruder film was critical to the investigation, but most of Zapruder's actual testimony was not very important. In fact, Zapruder would have been in an excellent position to hear shots from both the depository, and the grassy knoll. Even though he wasn't able to place the exact location of the shots, the fact that he didn't claim that he heard shots from two different locations, strongly supports the lone assassin theory. This is one of the most overlooked consistencies in the eyewitness's testimony. Out of all the witnesses, only a few thought they heard shots from more than one location. The inability to pinpoint the exact location of a sound is not unusual, but it would be unusual not to realize that separate sounds came from two locations as far apart as the depository and the knoll.


98) Page 496. One of Posner's "debunked" mysterious deaths is that of Mary Sherman. As author Jim DiEugenio points out, Mary Sherman was not killed in an accidental fire (as Posner would have you believe). Posner gets the cause of death wrong. She didn't die as a result of burns or smoke inhalation. If you consider the knife wounds in her arm, leg, stomach and one that pierced her heart, it makes little sense to label her death as an accident. (290) There is another mistake in his evaluation of the death of Mary Sherman that has no bearing on conspiracy. It is just another example of his carelessness. Posner says Sherman died in 1967. Dr. Mary Sherman (who was an associate of David Ferrie) died in 1964 on the day that the Warren Commission began taking testimony in New Orleans. (291) Her death is still considered an unsolved murder by New Orleans Police. (292) (L)
(290) New Orleans Parish Coroner's Office, Autopsy Report on Mary Sherman, July 21, 1964. Edward T. Haslam, Mary, Ferrie and the Monkey Virus, Albuquerque, NM, 1995, pp. 248-50.
(291) Jim DiEugenio, "Posner in New Orleans: Gerry in Wonderland," Dateline Dallas, November 22, 1993.
(292) Kermit Tarleton, "Clues Lacking in Killing of Dr. Mary Sherman," New Orleans States Item, July 21, 1964.

My opinion - Marrs originally listed the death as a gunshot, Posner says it was a fire, and now we have knife wounds. I don't have a clue whom to believe.


99) Page 498. Posner just can't see why Warren Commissioner and United States Congressman Hale Boggs should be considered a mysterious death. His plane was never found so we can't be sure what caused the crash that killed him. His open attacks in the halls of Congress comparing J. Edgar Hoover's tactics to that of "Hitler's Gestapo" on April 5, 1971 might be worth considering. (293) His statements of doubts as to the lone assassin conclusion of the Warren Commission (that depended mostly on Hoover's FBI for investigative material) also should weigh in with any consideration of the possibility of foul play in his death. (294) Posner does whatever he can to cast doubt on any mysterious deaths because that would indicate a conspiracy (which prevents a "closing" of the case). (L)
(293) Washington Post, April 6, 1971.
(294) Martin Shackelford, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, by Gerald Posner: A Preliminary Critique," The Investigator, August-September, 1993.

My opinion - By 1971 most people were skeptical of some parts of the Warren Commission. If Boggs's minor statements were enough to justify his killing, the conspirators would have to kill more than half of the population of the United States.


100) Page 593. We have seen many examples of Posner's tendency to have trouble keeping names straight. We saw how he confused a convicted murderer with a professional baseball player. (295) Here is another example that is almost as humorous. Posner, in his index, actually combines two people into one. He lists page numbers for Richard Russell under one listing when they refer to both Senator Richard B. Russell and author Dick Russell. This is our careful Pulitzer Prize nominee whose book was described by historian Steven Ambrose as "a model of historical research" and as an "outstanding job of research." (296) (N)
(295)Case Closed, p. 273.
(296)Case Closed, Steven Ambrose on back cover.

New information - This is a great way to end this list because it shows to what lengths Posner's critics had to go to reach the magic 100 number. Every person I know who went by the name Dick, was actually named Richard. So it is not surprising that an editor might confuse Dick Russell with Richard Russell. (I wouldn't be surprised if Dick Russell's given name is actually Richard Russell)

In the closing to his article, the author compares those of us who dare to defend Posner to some mindless cult followers, swayed by Posner's charm. Actually I had never heard of Posner before picking up his book, and I personally don't even think it is the best Lone Assassin book out there. I give Posner all the credit in the world for being able to write a compelling narrative, which is what was needed to balance the flood of conspiracy literature out there, but Case Closed certainly isn't the be all end all of the case against Oswald. What I can't figure out is why the conspiracy crowd finds it so necessary to blow out of proportion the minor flaws in his book. Is it because Case Closed was actually a critical and commercial success? Just when Oliver Stone was making such huge strides completely deceiving the general public, along comes Posner, and reminds people what the case against Oswald was all about. In their eyes, that was Posner's biggest "error".